A broken tooth requires immediate attention to prevent complications like infection or nerve damage. While only a dentist can provide a lasting repair, taking the correct temporary steps at home is paramount to minimizing pain and safeguarding the remaining tooth structure. Following a set protocol helps stabilize the situation until professional treatment can be secured.
Immediate First Steps and Cleaning
The very first action after breaking a tooth should be to gently cleanse the mouth to clear away blood and debris. Rinse immediately with warm water, or a warm saline solution made by dissolving a teaspoon of salt in a cup of water, swishing gently for about 30 seconds. This simple action helps to sanitize the area and can soothe irritated tissues without causing further trauma. If there is any notable bleeding, apply light but sustained pressure with a clean piece of gauze or a soft cloth over the injury site for 10 to 15 minutes.
If a tooth fragment is found, handle it carefully by the crown, avoiding the root surface where delicate cells are located. The fragment must be kept moist to preserve these cells, as reattachment may be possible. Transporting the piece in a small container of cow’s milk is the preferred method, as it helps keep the cells viable. If milk is unavailable, the fragment can be stored in the mouth, tucked between the cheek and gum, or placed in a saline solution.
Controlling Pain and Inflammation
Managing pain and swelling is a priority while waiting for the dental appointment. For over-the-counter pain relief, Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen are preferred because they reduce both pain and inflammation. Always follow the dosage instructions on the label, and remember that taking NSAIDs with food can help prevent stomach upset.
Applying a cold compress to the outside of the cheek near the injury site can further reduce swelling and help numb the area. Use a wrapped ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables, holding it against the cheek in 15-minute intervals, followed by a 15-minute break. Never apply ice or pain medication directly to the gum or the broken tooth, as this can cause a chemical burn or irritate exposed nerve tissue.
Protecting the Tooth and Soft Tissues
The sharp, jagged edge of a broken tooth can easily cut the tongue, cheek, or lip, making protection of the soft tissues a necessity. Covering the exposed, rough enamel edge with dental wax is the most effective temporary measure. Dental wax is widely available at pharmacies and is specifically designed to be safe and moldable, providing a smooth barrier against the delicate oral mucosa. To apply it, dry the tooth surface gently with a clean tissue first, then flatten a small piece of wax and press it firmly over the sharp point.
If a larger portion of the tooth is missing and the dentin or nerve-containing pulp is exposed, a temporary dental filling kit can be used. These kits, found at most drugstores, typically contain a putty or cement designed to seal the sensitive area from bacteria and temperature changes. It is crucial to follow the product’s instructions precisely, applying the material sparingly and only as a short-term barrier until professional help is available. Temporary materials are not strong enough to withstand biting forces and are meant only to provide comfort and prevent infection.
In a situation where neither dental wax nor a temporary kit is accessible, a small piece of sugar-free chewing gum can serve as an improvised cover. The sugar-free nature is important because sugar feeds oral bacteria, which could increase the risk of decay in the already vulnerable area. After chewing the gum until it is pliable, mold a small portion over the sharp edges to create a temporary, smooth surface.
Necessary Follow-Up and Precautions
Contacting a dental professional immediately to schedule an emergency appointment is the most important action. Ignoring a broken tooth can lead to serious complications, including pulp infection, the need for a root canal, or total tooth loss. The dentist will assess the full extent of the damage, which is often invisible, using X-rays.
Until the repair is complete, dietary and behavioral modifications are necessary to prevent further harm. Consume only soft foods that require minimal chewing, such as mashed potatoes, yogurt, or soft-cooked eggs. Chew only on the side of the mouth opposite the broken tooth to avoid placing stress on the fractured area. Also, avoid extreme temperatures, as very hot or very cold liquids can trigger intense pain if the nerve is close to the surface.
Oral hygiene must be maintained, but with extreme gentleness around the injured site. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush to clean the area very carefully, and rinse the mouth with warm salt water after every meal to remove trapped debris. Flossing should be performed gently, sliding the floss in and out rather than snapping it, and avoiding the immediate area of the fracture to prevent dislodging any temporary protection.