Masks function as a public health measure to reduce the spread of respiratory droplets, which carry infectious particles. The degree of protection a mask offers depends significantly on how consistently and correctly it is worn. A mask is a physical barrier that works by filtering inhaled and exhaled air, but any gap between the mask and the face allows unfiltered air to bypass the material, compromising its effectiveness. Understanding the correct procedure for putting on, wearing, and removing a mask ensures that the barrier performs its intended function. Following a specific protocol minimizes the risk of self-contamination and maintains the mask’s integrity as a filtration device.
Preparation and Initial Fit
The process of applying a mask must begin with hand hygiene to prevent the transfer of pathogens to the clean mask surface. Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or sanitized with an alcohol-based rub before touching the mask. Once hands are clean, examine the mask to identify the top edge, which often contains a flexible metal nose strip, and the inner side. If the mask has ties or ear loops, handle the mask only by these fasteners to keep the filtration material clean.
Position the mask over the face, ensuring it covers the mouth and nose completely, reaching from the bridge of the nose down below the chin. Secure the mask by placing the ear loops around both ears or tying the straps behind the head. The most important step for maximizing protection is achieving a tight seal against the face.
To accomplish this seal, the flexible nose strip must be pinched and molded firmly to the shape of the nose bridge using the index and middle fingers. The bottom edge should be pulled down to extend fully under the chin, eliminating any gaps along the sides of the face. A properly fitted mask will cause warm air to move through the front of the material when breathing out, rather than leaking out around the edges near the cheeks or eyes.
Maintaining Effectiveness While Wearing
Once the mask is secured, it must be left untouched to maintain its hygiene and position. The outer surface of the mask is considered contaminated because it has been exposed to the environment and potentially filtered infectious particles. Touching the front of the mask and then touching the face or other surfaces can transfer these particles, defeating the purpose of the barrier.
If the mask must be adjusted due to discomfort or slippage, hands should be cleaned immediately before and after making any adjustments using only the ear loops or ties. Never pull the mask down to rest under the nose, mouth, or chin, as this exposes the respiratory passages and contaminates the inner surface. Resting a mask on the forehead or neck is also strongly discouraged.
A mask’s filtration capability can be compromised if the material becomes wet, dirty, or damaged. Moisture from breath, sweat, or external sources reduces the mask’s effectiveness and can make it harder to breathe through. If the mask gets visibly soiled, damp, or if the material tears, it must be replaced immediately with a clean, dry one. Carrying a spare mask in a clean, breathable container ensures a replacement is available if the current one fails its integrity check.
Safe Removal and Maintenance
Removing the mask safely requires a method that avoids contact with the contaminated outer surface. Hands should be clean before initiating the removal process, though a final hand cleaning is still necessary. The mask must be removed by handling only the ear loops or the ties.
For masks with ties, untie the bottom set first, followed by the top set, and then gently pull the mask away from the face. For ear loop masks, stretch the loops away from the ears and remove the mask without touching the front. The removed mask should be immediately folded so the outer contaminated surfaces are held inward against each other.
Single-use disposable masks must be discarded immediately into a closed waste receptacle after removal. Reusable cloth masks require specific care; they should be washed after every use to prevent the buildup of bacteria and mold.
Reusable Mask Care
Cloth masks can be washed with regular laundry detergent in a washing machine, preferably using the warmest appropriate water setting. After washing, reusable masks must be dried completely in a hot dryer or laid flat to air dry thoroughly. Storing a clean, dry mask in a breathable container, such as a paper bag or a clean fabric pouch, helps protect it from contamination until the next use. The final step after removing or handling any used mask is always to clean hands immediately.