Second-degree burns involve damage to the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, and the dermis, the layer beneath it. While some second-degree burns can be managed effectively at home, others require immediate professional medical attention. Understanding the characteristics of these burns and appropriate care steps is important for promoting proper healing.
Identifying a Second-Degree Burn
A second-degree burn presents with distinct features. The affected skin appears red and swollen, and blisters are present. These blisters are small or large, filled with clear fluid.
Pain is significant due to nerve endings. The area may appear wet or weeping, indicating deeper damage.
Immediate First Aid
Immediately after sustaining a second-degree burn, cooling the area is the first step. Hold the burn under cool, not icy, running water for 10 to 20 minutes. This reduces skin temperature, minimizes tissue damage, and alleviates pain. Ice or very cold water restricts blood flow and causes further injury.
After cooling, clean with mild soap and water. Avoid scrubbing vigorously, as this can break blisters or damage skin. Pat dry with a clean, soft cloth; do not rub. Cover loosely with a sterile, non-stick dressing for protection.
Ongoing Home Care
Ongoing home care for a second-degree burn focuses on maintaining a clean, moist environment and managing discomfort. When changing dressings, wash hands to prevent bacteria. Remove the old dressing and assess for changes like increased redness or pus.
Clean the burn with mild soap and water during dressing changes. Apply a thin layer of antibiotic ointment or burn cream before applying a new sterile, non-stick dressing. Change the dressing once or twice daily, or more frequently if wet or dirty, to keep the wound clean and protected.
Ibuprofen or acetaminophen manage pain. Watch for signs of infection: increasing pain, spreading redness, swelling, warmth, pus, or fever. Good hygiene and covering the burn prevents bacterial entry and promotes healing.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While many smaller second-degree burns can be managed at home, certain situations require medical evaluation. Seek professional medical attention if the burn is larger than three inches or covers a major joint (e.g., knee, elbow, shoulder). Burns on the face, hands, feet, or genitals also warrant immediate medical care due to their sensitivity and importance.
Any burn showing signs of infection (e.g., increasing redness, swelling, warmth, pus, foul odor) requires medical assessment. If you experience a fever or chills with the burn, this indicates systemic infection. Burns caused by chemicals or electricity require evaluation by a healthcare professional, as they can cause deeper damage. If burn pain is severe and not managed by over-the-counter medication, or if you doubt its severity, consult a doctor.
The Healing Process and What to Expect
The healing process for a second-degree burn spans two to three weeks, varying with depth and health. During this period, blisters may rupture, and the skin underneath appears red and moist. Avoid intentionally popping blisters, as the skin protects against infection.
As healing progresses, damaged skin peels away, revealing new, pink skin. This new skin is sensitive to sunlight; protect the area from direct sun exposure for months. Applying high SPF sunscreen or covering the area with clothing prevents hyperpigmentation. Most second-degree burns heal without significant scarring, but some may result in skin color or texture changes or a slightly raised scar.