Catnip, scientifically known as Nepeta cataria, is a perennial herb belonging to the mint family, widely recognized for its effects on many felines. The herb’s distinct aroma and stimulating properties are due to a volatile essential oil it produces called nepetalactone. This compound is concentrated within the plant’s leaves, stems, and flowers, and must be preserved through careful processing to maintain its effectiveness. Processing fresh catnip involves specific steps—from precise harvesting to proper storage—designed to capture and retain the highest possible concentration of nepetalactone for long-term use.
Harvesting for Peak Potency
The timing of the harvest directly influences the final potency of the dried catnip. The concentration of nepetalactone in the plant is at its highest point when the herb is just beginning to flower or is in its early bloom stage, typically in mid-summer. Harvesting at this specific growth phase ensures the collection of the most aromatic and chemically active material.
The best time of day to harvest is mid-morning, after any overnight dew has completely evaporated from the leaves. Collecting wet foliage introduces excess moisture, which slows the drying process and significantly increases the risk of mold and mildew development.
When cutting the plant, focus on the upper stems, leaves, and flowers, as these parts contain the highest density of essential oils. To encourage rapid regrowth and a subsequent harvest, cut the stems a few inches above a leaf node or pair of leaves. This technique leaves enough foliage to continue photosynthesis, allowing the plant to quickly recover and produce more material.
Harvest the full stems rather than stripping individual leaves, as the stems are useful for bundling during the initial drying phase. Avoid including overly thick or woody lower stems, as they contain less nepetalactone and take longer to dry completely. Prioritizing the tender, leafier material ensures a more uniform and potent finished product.
Drying Techniques
Once the catnip is harvested, the drying process is the most consequential step for preserving the nepetalactone content. Air drying is the most traditional and simplest method, minimizing the risk of heat-induced oil degradation. Small bundles of stems should be tied together and hung upside down in a suitable environment.
The ideal location for air drying is a dark, dry, and well-ventilated space, such as a pantry, attic, or shaded porch. Direct sunlight must be avoided, as ultraviolet light and heat rapidly break down the volatile nepetalactone compounds, diminishing the herb’s potency. Good airflow is necessary to wick moisture away from the plant material and prevent spoilage.
The air drying process typically takes between one to two weeks, depending on the ambient temperature and humidity. The catnip is considered fully dry when the leaves are brittle and crumble easily between the fingers. This crisp texture ensures that virtually all moisture has been removed, making the herb safe for long-term storage.
Alternatively, a food dehydrator offers a faster, more controlled drying option. When using a dehydrator, the temperature setting must be kept low to protect the fragile essential oils. A temperature range between 95°F and 115°F (35°C to 46°C) is recommended for best results.
The leaves should be spread in a single layer on the dehydrator trays, allowing for even heat distribution and air circulation. This method can complete the drying process in a few hours, offering a quicker turnaround than air drying. Avoid high-heat methods, such as using a conventional oven, as they destroy the active compounds and render the catnip ineffective.
Preparing and Storing the Finished Product
After the catnip is completely dry and brittle, the next step is preparation for storage. The dried leaves and flowers should be removed from the stems and then gently processed. It is important to avoid pulverizing the material into a fine dust, as crushing the herb too thoroughly can prematurely release the volatile oils.
Instead, the material should be crumbled or gently broken up into small flakes or coarse pieces. Keeping the catnip in this slightly larger form helps keep the nepetalactone oils trapped inside the plant material until they are ready for use. This maximizes the herb’s freshness and potency over time.
For long-term storage, the choice of container and environment is important for preserving the catnip’s effectiveness. The processed herb must be kept in an airtight container to prevent exposure to oxygen, which contributes to the degradation of the oils. Glass jars with tight-fitting lids are an excellent choice because they are non-reactive and provide a secure seal.
The container should be stored in a cool, dark, and dry location, such as a cupboard or pantry, away from any sources of heat or direct light. Heat and light cause nepetalactone to break down and evaporate rapidly. Maintaining a stable, cool, and dark environment will significantly extend the herb’s life.
When properly dried and stored, catnip retains its peak potency for approximately six months to one year. After this period, the essential oils will gradually begin to dissipate, and the catnip will become noticeably less effective. Storing the herb in smaller, individual containers can also be beneficial, as it limits the exposure of the entire batch to air and humidity each time a portion is used.