Volcanic eruptions release tremendous energy and materials, including lava, ash, gases, and mudflows (lahars). The hazards extend far beyond the immediate vicinity, as fine ash clouds can travel hundreds of miles, affecting air travel and health in distant communities. Preparing proactively is the most effective way for residents in at-risk areas to minimize danger to their families and property. Advance planning ensures that when an eruption occurs, you can respond quickly and methodically. Understanding the specific nature of volcanic hazards, such as abrasive ash and toxic gases like sulfur dioxide, is the foundation of effective preparedness.
Assembling Your Emergency Supply Kit
Building a specialized emergency supply kit addresses the unique risks posed by volcanic ashfall and potential isolation. The primary focus should be on respiratory and eye protection. Each person should have a NIOSH-approved N95 respirator mask and protective goggles to minimize inhalation of fine ash particles and prevent corneal abrasions.
The kit should include enough non-perishable food and one gallon of water per person per day to last for a minimum of three to seven days for both drinking and sanitation needs. A comprehensive first-aid kit, a battery-powered or hand-crank radio for receiving emergency broadcasts, and extra batteries for all devices are also necessary components.
Pack a one-week supply of all prescription medications, as pharmacies may be inaccessible or closed. Gather copies of important documentation, such as insurance policies and identification cards, storing them in a waterproof container. This documentation is necessary for recovery if evacuation is required.
Developing a Family Communication and Evacuation Plan
A well-defined family plan ensures that all household members know how to reconnect if separated during an event. Start by subscribing to local alert systems to receive official warnings and evacuation orders promptly. Designate an out-of-state contact person for all family members to check in with. Since local phone lines are often congested after a disaster, long-distance calls and text messages are more likely to transmit successfully.
The plan must include primary and secondary evacuation routes away from the volcano. Focus on paths that avoid river valleys where fast-moving mudflows (lahars) are likely to travel. Select a designated family meeting point outside of the immediate risk zone where everyone can reunite if the home is inaccessible.
Create written contact cards containing the out-of-state contact’s information and the meeting point address for all family members to carry. Regularly practicing the plan, including shelter-in-place drills and evacuation routes, helps ensure that everyone can execute the steps under stress.
Immediate Actions During an Eruption
When an eruption or ashfall warning is issued, shelter indoors and seal the building envelope. Close all windows, doors, and fireplace dampers, and turn off all heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Use plastic sheeting and duct tape to cover ventilation openings and seal any gaps around windows and doors. This establishes a clean room environment, protecting respiratory health.
If you must venture outside, immediately put on your N95 mask and protective goggles to shield your eyes from irritation and abrasion. Avoid driving during heavy ashfall, as the fine particles can severely reduce visibility, make roads slippery, and damage vehicle engines and air filters. If significant ash accumulates on the roof, it must be removed carefully, as wet ash is extremely heavy and can cause structural collapse. Listen continuously to a battery-powered radio for official updates and instructions from emergency services.
Post-Eruption Safety and Cleanup
Do not return to an evacuated area or begin cleanup until local authorities have declared the area safe. The initial recovery phase involves checking the home for damage and ensuring utilities are safe. Before entering, check for structural damage, especially to the roof, and inspect utility lines. If you smell gas or suspect damage to the electrical system, contact the utility company immediately.
When beginning the cleanup process, wear an N95 respirator and goggles at all times to prevent inhalation and eye injury. For outdoor cleanup, lightly mist the ash with water before shoveling or sweeping to prevent it from becoming airborne. Avoid soaking the ash, as excessive water can cause it to become cement-like and harder to remove. Never wash volcanic ash into storm drains or sewer systems, as this can cause severe clogs and localized flooding. Instead, collect the dampened ash in heavy-duty plastic bags and follow local guidance for disposal at designated sites.