The staghorn fern, scientifically known as Platycerium, is a unique tropical plant prized for its dramatic, bifurcated fronds that resemble deer antlers. This fern is an epiphyte, meaning it naturally grows upon surfaces like tree trunks and branches, rather than rooting in soil. To successfully cultivate a staghorn fern at home, you must mimic this natural growth habit, making a hanging display the most suitable method. A wire hanging basket provides the necessary air circulation and drainage, allowing the plant to develop its full, sculptural potential.
Gathering Supplies and Preparing the Basket
Successfully mounting this fern requires gathering non-traditional gardening materials suited to its epiphytic nature. When selecting the fern, look for a healthy, firm rhizome and distinct shield fronds—the flat, sterile leaves that grow against the mounting surface. These fronds are initially green but turn brown and papery, creating a protective layer for the root ball and helping collect moisture and nutrients.
For the hanging structure, a sturdy wire basket is preferred because it accommodates the fern’s expanding root system and eventual size. Staghorn ferns can grow quite large, so selecting a basket that is at least 14 to 24 inches in diameter will reduce the need for frequent remounting. Traditional potting soil is unsuitable, as it lacks drainage and quickly causes root rot.
The proper growing medium must be airy and moisture-retentive, consisting primarily of long-fibered sphagnum moss. You can also mix the moss with orchid bark, coco coir, or wood chips to improve aeration. Thoroughly soak a generous amount of sphagnum moss in water for at least an hour to ensure it is completely saturated before beginning. Other necessary tools include a tough, non-biodegradable material like fishing line, nylon string, or thin wire to secure the fern firmly to the medium.
The Mounting Process
The first step involves preparing the fern’s root system, which is usually minimal. Gently remove the plant from its nursery pot and use your fingers to carefully loosen and flatten the existing root ball. The goal is to spread the roots slightly so they can sit flush against the moss layer you will create.
Next, line the wire basket with pre-soaked sphagnum moss to prevent the growing medium from falling out. Place a substantial mound of the damp moss mixture in the center of the basket, positioning it to create a platform for the fern. The moss should be dense enough to hold its shape but not overly compressed, which would impede air flow.
Position the fern by placing the flattened root ball directly onto the center of the moss mound. Ensure the rhizome (crown), where the fronds emerge, remains completely exposed and is not buried by the moss. It is crucial to leave the shield fronds facing outward and uncovered, as they must be able to expand against the moss to absorb water and debris.
Once positioned, pack damp sphagnum moss around the root ball to cover it entirely, creating a dense, protective sphere. To firmly secure the plant, use the nylon string or fishing line to wrap tightly and crisscross over the moss ball. The securing material must hold the root mass firmly against the basket until the fern’s own roots can establish a strong hold, which may take several months. Finally, check the orientation to ensure the fertile, antler-like fronds have ample space to hang downwards or grow outward without obstruction.
Ongoing Care for Thriving Staghorn Ferns
After mounting, the staghorn fern requires a watering method different from traditional potted plants. The preferred technique is the soak-and-dry method, submerging the entire basket in water for 10 to 20 minutes. This fully saturates the sphagnum moss, mimicking the heavy rainfall of its tropical habitat.
Allow the basket to drain completely before rehanging, as the fern is highly susceptible to rot if its roots remain waterlogged. Soaking frequency depends on the environment: once a week during warm, active growing seasons, and every two to three weeks during cooler, dormant periods. You should allow the moss to feel nearly dry before rewatering.
Staghorn ferns thrive in bright, indirect light, which mimics the dappled sunlight they receive growing beneath a forest canopy. Placing the fern near an east-facing window or a few feet away from a south or west-facing window works well, but direct sunlight should be avoided as it can scorch the delicate fronds. The plant also benefits greatly from high humidity, so regular misting, particularly in dry indoor environments, is recommended.
Fertilization is necessary during the active growth period of spring and summer. Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half-strength and apply it monthly during watering. Alternatively, a piece of slow-release fertilizer or even a small piece of banana peel can be tucked directly into the moss ball, where the shield fronds will eventually grow over and absorb the nutrients. The fern prefers warm conditions, generally thriving in temperatures between 60°F and 80°F.