Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) contains dissolved molecular hydrogen gas (\(\text{H}_2\)), which is distinct from the hydrogen in the water molecule (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). Like carbonated water, the gas is dissolved under pressure. The goal is to maximize the concentration of this dissolved \(\text{H}_2\) gas, as it is the component believed to offer potential biological effects. Home methods are designed to safely infuse this gas into the water just before consumption.
Using Electrolysis Devices
The most common method for making HRW involves specialized portable generators using Solid Polymer Electrolysis (SPE). These devices split water molecules using an electrical current, separating them into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The electrodes are often made of platinum-coated titanium, which resists corrosion and ensures the purity of the process.
Modern hydrogen water bottles utilize Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) technology, which acts as a barrier. The PEM separates the electrolysis products, allowing only hydrogen gas to be infused into the drinking water. This membrane vents away unwanted byproducts, such as oxygen, ozone, and trace amounts of chlorine generated from water impurities. Typical generation times range from three to ten minutes, depending on the desired concentration level.
Utilizing Magnesium Reaction Methods
An alternative approach uses a chemical reaction involving metallic magnesium, often packaged in effervescent tablets or sticks. When elemental magnesium (\(\text{Mg}\)) contacts water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)), it reacts to produce molecular hydrogen gas (\(\text{H}_2\)) and magnesium hydroxide (\(\text{Mg}(\text{OH})_2\)). The tablet formulation often includes organic acids, such as citric or malic acid, which facilitate the reaction and increase hydrogen production.
When using a tablet, it is dropped into a sealed container of water, where the reaction releases the hydrogen gas directly into the liquid. This process is generally slower than electrolysis, requiring several minutes for the tablet to fully dissolve and infuse the water. Since the magnesium is consumed in the reaction, the resulting water contains dissolved \(\text{H}_2\) along with added magnesium compounds, which can affect the taste and mineral content.
Maintaining Hydrogen Concentration
Molecular hydrogen is the lightest known gas, meaning it is highly volatile and escapes from the water quickly. Due to this property, the concentration of \(\text{H}_2\) begins to decrease the moment the generation process is complete. To maximize the intake of dissolved hydrogen, immediate consumption is highly recommended.
For best results, aim to drink the hydrogen-rich water within 30 to 60 minutes of its creation. If storage is necessary, use a sealed container and keep it in a cool environment, as colder temperatures slow the escape of the gas. Agitation, such as shaking or stirring, should be avoided, as movement accelerates the rate at which the dissolved hydrogen bubbles out of the liquid.