Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) are enzymes found within body cells, with significant concentration in the liver. These enzymes play a role in amino acid metabolism, a fundamental process for building proteins and generating energy. When liver cells are damaged, AST and ALT can leak into the bloodstream, making their levels in a blood test an indicator of liver health. Elevated levels often signal that the liver may be experiencing some form of stress or injury.
Understanding Elevated Levels
Elevated AST and ALT levels in a blood test suggest damaged cells, often in the liver, have released these enzymes into the bloodstream. Their presence indicates injury or inflammation. While elevated levels primarily point to liver involvement, not every elevation signifies severe liver disease. Mild increases can result from various factors, whereas significantly higher levels typically suggest more extensive damage.
These enzymes are normally maintained within cells for metabolic functions. Their release into the circulation acts as a signal, prompting further investigation into the liver’s condition. Understanding these levels helps medical professionals assess the extent and potential cause of liver cell disruption. This often leads to additional tests to pinpoint the underlying issue and determine appropriate action for maintaining liver health.
Common Causes of Elevated Levels
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of elevated liver enzymes, particularly in individuals who carry excess weight or have insulin resistance. This condition involves the accumulation of fat within liver cells, leading to inflammation and damage. The global prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be around 25%, making it a widespread concern for liver health.
Excessive alcohol consumption also significantly contributes to liver enzyme elevation, leading to conditions like alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, or cirrhosis. The liver metabolizes alcohol, and heavy intake can overwhelm its capacity, resulting in inflammation and cell injury. Certain medications, including some over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen when used improperly, as well as prescription drugs such as statins, can also induce liver stress and raise enzyme levels.
Beyond these, viral hepatitis infections, specifically Hepatitis A, B, and C, are known causes of liver inflammation and elevated AST and ALT. Autoimmune conditions, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells, can also increase enzyme levels. Less common causes include certain genetic disorders, muscle injuries, or even strenuous exercise, which can temporarily elevate AST due to its presence in muscle tissue.
Lifestyle and Dietary Strategies for Reduction
Managing body weight through gradual and sustained loss is an effective strategy for reducing elevated AST and ALT levels, particularly when non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is present. Losing even a modest amount of weight, such as 3% to 5% of body weight, can significantly decrease fat in the liver. A weight loss of 7% to 10% can improve liver inflammation and fibrosis. This reduction in liver fat lessens stress on liver cells, helping to normalize enzyme levels.
Dietary modifications are central in supporting liver health and lowering enzyme levels. Limiting the intake of added sugars and highly processed foods, as these can contribute to fat accumulation in the liver. Instead, incorporating fiber-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can aid in digestion and promote a healthier liver environment.
Choosing healthy fats, like those found in avocados, nuts, and olive oil, over saturated and trans fats can benefit liver function. Reducing consumption of red meat and processed meats also supports liver health. These dietary adjustments decrease the metabolic burden on the liver, assisting in the normalization of enzyme levels.
Reducing or completely eliminating alcohol consumption is a direct step for individuals with elevated liver enzymes, especially if alcohol is a contributing factor. The liver’s capacity to process alcohol is finite; continuous exposure can lead to ongoing inflammation and damage. Regular physical activity, such as at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, helps improve insulin sensitivity and reduce liver fat, which can lower AST and ALT.
Discussing all current medications with a healthcare provider is important, as some drugs might be contributing to elevated enzyme levels. A doctor can assess if adjustments or alternatives are appropriate. Maintaining adequate hydration by drinking sufficient water throughout the day supports overall metabolic processes, including those in the liver. Additionally, minimizing exposure to environmental toxins, such as certain industrial chemicals or household cleaning products, can help reduce the liver’s workload.
When to Seek Medical Advice
Elevated AST and ALT levels always warrant a consultation with a healthcare professional. Self-treating or attempting to interpret these results without medical guidance can lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment for underlying conditions. A doctor can assess the extent of the elevation, consider your medical history, and order additional tests to identify the specific cause.
It is important to seek medical advice if you experience any symptoms associated with liver disease, such as persistent fatigue, yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), dark urine, pale stools, or abdominal pain. These symptoms suggest more significant liver distress and require immediate attention. Even if lifestyle changes are initiated, ongoing monitoring by a healthcare provider is important to track enzyme levels and ensure the chosen strategies are effective. Your doctor can provide a personalized diagnosis and management plan tailored to your specific health needs.