Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are enzymes primarily found in the liver. Elevated levels in blood tests often signal potential liver issues. This article outlines strategies to support liver health and manage these enzyme levels. This information is for general knowledge and does not replace professional medical advice.
Understanding AST and ALT
AST and ALT are enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism within the liver. ALT is predominantly found in the liver, making it a more specific indicator of liver cell damage. AST is present in various tissues, including the liver, heart, muscles, and kidneys, so its elevation can stem from non-liver related issues. Normal ranges for ALT are 0 to 45 IU/L, and AST ranges from 0 to 35 IU/L, though these values can vary between laboratories.
When liver cells are injured, these enzymes leak into the bloodstream, resulting in higher readings. Common factors contributing to elevated AST and ALT levels include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and certain medications. Muscle damage, heart conditions, and thyroid disorders can also lead to increased AST levels. The pattern and degree of elevation, along with other clinical information, help healthcare providers determine the underlying cause.
Dietary and Lifestyle Adjustments
Dietary changes can support liver health and help lower AST and ALT levels. Reducing processed foods, high in added sugars and unhealthy fats, is a key step. Excessive sugar, especially fructose, contributes to fat accumulation in the liver, a hallmark of NAFLD. Choosing whole, unprocessed foods reduces this burden.
Increasing dietary fiber is another beneficial strategy. Foods like oatmeal, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes are rich in fiber. Fiber supports healthy digestion, promotes a healthy body weight, and may reduce liver fat. A variety of colorful fruits and vegetables also provides antioxidants that protect liver cells.
Certain foods and beverages also support liver function. Berries contain polyphenols that protect the liver. Fatty fish, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, like salmon and tuna, can reduce inflammation and prevent excess liver fat. Nuts, with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E, are beneficial for protecting against NAFLD.
Olive oil, as part of a Mediterranean diet, may reduce oxidative stress and improve liver function. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, has been associated with improvements in liver enzymes. Coffee consumption has also been linked to lower levels of liver enzymes, including ALT and AST. Green tea, with its antioxidant properties, may also contribute to improved liver health.
Lean proteins from sources like legumes and fish are preferable over fatty meats. Spices like turmeric (curcumin) may reduce markers of liver damage. Garlic has also been studied for its potential to lower AST levels. Increasing folate consumption through foods like dark leafy greens, bananas, and nuts may positively affect ALT levels.
Lifestyle modifications are also important for managing AST and ALT levels. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight is important, as obesity is a significant risk factor for NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Regular physical activity improves liver function, promotes weight loss, and enhances overall health, which can help lower elevated liver enzymes. Moderating or avoiding alcohol is another important step, as alcohol directly causes liver stress and damage. For individuals with existing liver disease, complete abstinence from alcohol may be necessary.
Important Medical Considerations
While dietary and lifestyle adjustments are beneficial, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause of elevated AST/ALT levels. These enzymes are indicators, not a diagnosis themselves, and their elevation could signal various conditions. A medical evaluation often involves further testing to identify the specific reason for the enzyme increase, which could range from common conditions like NAFLD to more serious issues like viral hepatitis or medication-induced liver injury.
Adherence to prescribed treatments for any diagnosed conditions is also important. Self-treating based solely on lifestyle changes without professional medical guidance can be unwise, especially if a serious underlying condition requires specific medical intervention. Healthcare providers can monitor enzyme levels over time and adjust treatment plans as needed. If an individual experiences symptoms such as jaundice, severe abdominal pain, dark urine, or unexplained fatigue alongside elevated AST/ALT levels, immediate medical attention should be sought. These symptoms could indicate more severe liver damage or dysfunction.