A peanut allergy occurs when a baby’s immune system mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as harmful invaders. Nearly 2.5% of children in the United States potentially have a peanut allergy. Early recognition of symptoms is important for prompt management.
Common Signs of a Peanut Allergy
Mild to moderate peanut allergy reactions often affect a baby’s skin, digestive system, or respiratory system. Skin reactions can include hives, which are red, itchy, raised welts, or general mild itching and swelling; a rash or redness may also be present. Digestive symptoms might involve nausea, stomach pain, cramping, vomiting, or diarrhea. Respiratory signs can include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, or a mild cough. Symptoms typically appear within minutes to two hours after consuming peanut products.
Recognizing Severe Allergic Reactions
A severe allergic reaction, known as anaphylaxis, is a life-threatening response. Signs of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, wheezing, or a persistent cough, and swelling of the tongue, throat, or lips can also occur. Circulatory changes, such as a sudden drop in blood pressure, may lead to pale or bluish skin, dizziness, or fainting. Infants might also appear floppy or become unusually sleepy. If two or more body systems are involved, even with mild symptoms, it may signal anaphylaxis.
The Allergy Diagnosis Process
If a peanut allergy is suspected, healthcare professionals begin with a detailed medical history. A physical examination is also performed. Diagnostic tests typically include a skin prick test and a blood test. During a skin prick test, a tiny amount of peanut extract is applied to the skin. A raised, red, itchy bump, similar to a hive, may indicate an allergy.
Blood tests, allergen-specific IgE blood tests, measure antibodies the body may have produced in response to peanut exposure. While these tests can suggest sensitization, a positive result does not always mean a child will have a reaction, as false positives can occur. An allergist will interpret these results alongside the clinical history to provide an accurate diagnosis.
What to Do After Suspecting an Allergy
If a mild reaction is suspected, such as isolated hives or mild digestive upset, stopping further peanut exposure is the immediate step. Parents should contact their pediatrician for guidance, as antihistamines might be recommended for symptom relief. Documenting the symptoms and taking photos can be helpful for the doctor.
For signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat or tongue, or widespread hives, prompt action is essential. Administering a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector should be the first step, followed immediately by calling 911. Even if symptoms improve after epinephrine, medical attention is necessary because a second wave of symptoms can occur. Avoiding peanuts and peanut-containing foods is important once an allergy is suspected or confirmed.