The spine, a complex column of bones, ligaments, and nerves, supports the body and enables movement. A spinal fracture can have serious implications for health and mobility. This article outlines potential signs and symptoms of a spinal injury; it is for understanding and does not replace professional medical diagnosis.
Recognizing the Immediate Signs
A sudden, severe onset of localized back pain often signals a potential spinal fracture. This pain typically intensifies with movement, such as bending, twisting, or lifting objects. Unlike a muscle strain, pain from a spinal fracture can come on sharply and may not improve with rest or over-the-counter pain relievers. Some individuals might even recall hearing an audible “crack” or “pop” at the moment of injury, especially if it resulted from a significant force.
Physical indicators of a spinal fracture include tenderness directly over the affected area. Visible bruising or swelling may also be present. In some cases, a spinal compression fracture can cause a noticeable protrusion, bulge, or even a visible shortening or bending of the spine.
Associated Symptoms to Watch For
Beyond immediate pain, a spinal fracture can lead to other symptoms, especially if the spinal cord or nerves are affected. Neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, or altered sensation in the limbs, such as difficulty feeling heat, cold, or touch in the hands, fingers, feet, or toes.
Weakness or loss of control in one or more limbs, including arms or legs, is another concerning symptom. This can range from mild weakness to complete paralysis, depending on the injury’s severity and location. A spinal injury might also lead to a loss of bladder or bowel control, indicating potential nerve damage impacting these functions. Pain that radiates from the back to other parts of the body, such as down the legs or arms, also suggests possible nerve involvement.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected spinal injury, particularly after a traumatic event like a car accident, significant fall, or sports injury. A spinal injury should be presumed if there is evidence of a head injury with altered consciousness, or severe neck or back pain. Symptoms like weakness, numbness, paralysis, or loss of bladder or bowel control also indicate an emergency.
Avoid moving an injured person if a spinal injury is suspected, as movement can cause further spinal cord damage and potentially lead to permanent paralysis. While waiting for emergency medical help, call 911 immediately and keep the person as still as possible. This can be achieved by placing heavy towels or rolled sheets on either side of the neck, or by gently holding the head and neck steady. Provide basic first aid without attempting to reposition or move the individual’s head, neck, or body, unless necessary for safety, such as if they are vomiting or choking.
What to Expect During Medical Evaluation
Upon arrival at a medical facility, healthcare professionals will conduct an initial assessment to determine the extent of the injury and stabilize the individual. This often involves a physical examination of the back, checking for tender areas, and evaluating any changes in posture or spine shape. The medical team will also assess neurological function, including motor skills, sensation, and reflexes, to identify any nerve damage.
To confirm a spinal fracture and assess its severity, imaging tests are routinely performed. X-rays identify fractures and bone misalignment. A CT scan provides detailed two- and three-dimensional images of the fractured bone, helping analyze the fracture pattern and assess if cracks extend throughout the vertebra. An MRI scan provides detailed images of soft tissues like nerves and the spinal cord, helping distinguish between new and old fractures, or identify pinched nerves, tumors, or infections.