An above-ground sprinkler system provides a modular, semi-permanent solution for lawn and garden irrigation without the labor-intensive process of trenching an in-ground system. This setup uses surface-level hoses, specialized connectors, and portable sprinkler heads to deliver water across a landscaped area. Components can be easily moved, adjusted, or stored seasonally, making it an ideal choice for renters or for areas where the landscape design may change over time. This guide provides instructions for the efficient installation of such a system, ensuring effective water distribution.
Pre-Installation Planning and Component Selection
Effective planning begins with accurately mapping the area to be watered. Use a tape measure to determine the dimensions of the irrigation space, then transfer these to a sketch, noting the location of obstacles like walkways, patios, and garden beds. A crucial step is determining the available water supply capacity by measuring both water pressure and flow rate. Pressure (PSI) can be checked using a hose-bib gauge, while flow rate (GPM) is calculated by timing how long it takes to fill a 5-gallon bucket.
Pressure and flow information directly influences the number and type of sprinkler heads the system can support on a single zone. Sprinkler heads must be chosen based on the desired coverage pattern and distance, including oscillating heads for rectangular areas or rotary heads for circular and larger spaces. Optimal coverage requires “head-to-head” spacing, meaning the spray from one sprinkler reaches the base of the next. This ensures no dry spots are left, and a 10% to 20% overlap is recommended to account for wind drift.
After determining the head type and spacing, calculate the total number of heads required for full coverage. This total is then divided into zones based on the available GPM. If the flow rate is too low to run all heads simultaneously, the system must be split into multiple zones, each with its own supply line. Components required include flexible hoses or poly tubing for supply lines, quick-connect fittings, and splitters or manifolds. Selecting components with standard three-quarter-inch threading ensures compatibility.
Assembling and Positioning the System
Physical installation begins by translating the mapped design into the landscape. Start with the main supply hose running from the water source to the first sprinkler location. This hose serves as the system’s backbone and should be routed along the perimeter or a designated path to minimize its presence in the open lawn. Splitters or manifolds are attached to the main line where irrigation needs to branch off into separate zones or patterns.
Feeder hoses, or lateral lines, are connected to the manifold outlets or quick-connect fittings and extended to the designated location of each sprinkler head. For permanent or semi-permanent setups, the hoses can be cut to precise lengths. Hose repair kits with male and female connectors are installed on the cut ends to create a daisy-chain connection between heads, maintaining the exact spacing required for head-to-head coverage.
Sprinkler heads are affixed to risers or spike bases, which connect to the ends of the feeder hoses. If heads are height-adjustable, risers should position the nozzles just above the turf or plants to maximize spray radius and minimize obstruction. To prevent hoses and heads from shifting during operation, secure them in place using landscape stakes or U-shaped wire pins pushed into the ground alongside the tubing.
Adjust the physical orientation of each head before turning on the water. Ensure the spray arc, especially for adjustable heads, is directed entirely toward the target area. Correctly orienting the heads at this stage prevents prolonged fine-tuning later.
Connecting the Water Source and Calibration
The final phase involves connecting the main supply hose to the outdoor faucet (spigot). It is advisable to first attach a mechanical or digital timer to automate watering schedules. Follow this with a backflow prevention device, if local codes require it, before connecting the main hose. This setup protects the household water supply from contamination.
After securing all connections, turn the water on slowly to pressurize the system gradually. Immediately perform a thorough leak check, inspecting every fitting, connector, and junction point for drips or sprays. Leaks at threaded connections can often be resolved by adding plumber’s tape and gently tightening the connection, as minor leaks reduce water pressure and system performance.
This phase is dedicated to calibration, the fine-tuning process to achieve uniform water application. Run the system and observe the spray pattern of each sprinkler head. Adjust the spray trajectory and arc to ensure water lands entirely on the intended landscape area, avoiding sidewalks, driveways, or fences.
To accurately determine the precipitation rate, perform a catch-can test by placing several straight-sided containers (e.g., tuna cans) randomly within the zone. Run the system for a specific duration, typically 15 minutes, and measure and average the water depth in each can. Multiplying the average depth by four provides the application rate in inches per hour. This allows the user to set a precise watering time to deliver the necessary amount of water per irrigation cycle. If pressure is low, ensure the spigot is fully open or reduce the number of heads operating simultaneously by splitting the system into smaller zones.