Induced lactation is the process of establishing a milk supply without the person having been pregnant, a path also referred to as adoptive breastfeeding. This differs distinctly from relactation, which involves re-establishing a milk supply after a previous period of production has ended. While the body typically prepares for milk production during pregnancy, induced lactation uses specific protocols to “trick” the mammary gland tissue into a lactating state. This process is commonly pursued by non-gestational parents, such as those adopting a newborn, using a surrogate, or partners in same-sex relationships who wish to share the feeding role. Successfully inducing lactation is possible through a combination of hormonal preparation and consistent mechanical stimulation, establishing a valuable physical connection with the baby.
Hormonal Preparation
Hormonal preparation is often required to prepare the milk-making tissues within the breast. During a typical pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the mammary ducts and lobules to grow and multiply. To simulate this development, a medical professional may prescribe supplemental estrogen and progesterone, sometimes via a combination oral contraceptive pill. This preparatory phase can last several months, with six months often cited as an ideal duration for maximum glandular development. Hormonal therapy must be undertaken with the supervision of a physician experienced in these protocols, who can monitor side effects and determine the appropriate duration.
The initiation of milk production, known as lactogenesis II, is triggered by a sudden drop in pregnancy hormones, primarily progesterone, after birth. In induced lactation, this is simulated by abruptly stopping the supplemental hormone therapy, typically about six weeks before the baby’s expected arrival. This drop allows prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk creation, to begin its work, provided there is adequate breast stimulation.
The Mechanical Stimulation Schedule
Once hormonal preparation is complete, or if hormones were not used, the next step involves consistent mechanical stimulation of the breast. This action signals the body to produce prolactin and oxytocin, the hormones that drive milk production and release. The stimulation schedule must closely mimic the frequent feeding patterns of a newborn baby.
This requires using a high-quality, double electric breast pump, often hospital-grade, for effective stimulation. The recommended frequency is 8 to 12 times within a 24-hour period, translating to pumping every two to three hours around the clock. Frequency of breast drainage is a stronger driver of milk supply than the duration of each session.
Each pumping session should last 15 to 20 minutes on both breasts. It is important to include at least one session between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m., as the body’s natural prolactin levels peak overnight.
Maximizing Output and Transfer
Several tools and techniques can optimize milk production and facilitate the feeding relationship. Many individuals use pharmaceutical or herbal galactagogues, substances intended to increase milk supply by raising prolactin levels. The prescription drug Domperidone, a dopamine antagonist, can boost prolactin secretion but requires medical oversight and is not available everywhere. Herbal galactagogues, such as fenugreek and blessed thistle, are also used, though their efficacy varies widely. Any medication or herbal supplement should only be introduced after consultation with a healthcare provider to discuss potential side effects and interactions.
Once the baby arrives, a Supplemental Nursing System (SNS) is an important tool for maximizing the at-breast experience. An SNS involves a container of supplemental milk (formula or donor milk) connected by a thin tube taped near the nipple. This system allows the baby to receive a full feeding while simultaneously suckling at the breast, providing direct stimulation to increase supply. Skin-to-skin contact during these sessions promotes oxytocin release, which facilitates the milk ejection reflex and strengthens the parent-infant bond.
Realistic Outcomes and Professional Guidance
It is important to maintain realistic expectations when pursuing induced lactation, as individual results vary significantly based on factors like the length of the preparatory phase and the consistency of stimulation. While some individuals achieve a full milk supply, most produce a partial supply that requires supplementation with formula or donor milk. Even a partial milk supply provides significant benefits, including immunological components and the intimacy of nursing.
The timeline for seeing the first drops of milk can take weeks or even months after the stimulation phase begins. For some, this process can be lengthy and emotionally demanding, making ongoing support a necessity. It is highly recommended to seek guidance from an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) experienced in induced lactation protocols. This professional can offer personalized support for pumping techniques, flange sizing, and navigating the introduction of the baby to the breast. The entire process requires medical supervision, typically from a physician who understands the hormonal protocols, to ensure safety and monitor progress.