Cane toads, an introduced species in many parts of the world, can be challenging to distinguish from native frogs. Accurate identification is important for conservation and public safety, as misidentification can harm native wildlife. This guide provides clear characteristics to help differentiate cane toads from native frog species, supporting local ecosystems and protecting amphibians.
Distinctive Physical Characteristics
Cane toads are large, robust amphibians with a broad head and a squat body. Adults typically measure between 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) in length, with some females reaching up to 24 centimeters (9.4 inches) and weighing over 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds). Their skin is dry, warty, and leathery.
Their coloration varies, ranging from grey, yellowish, and olive to brown or reddish-brown, sometimes with darker spots. The underside is cream-colored and may have black or brown blotches. A defining feature is the presence of large, prominent, triangular parotoid glands behind each eye, which secrete a milky-white toxin (bufotoxin) when threatened.
Cane toads also have distinct bony ridges above their eyes, often meeting above the nose to form a “V” or “M” shape. Their eyes feature horizontal pupils. Hind feet are partially webbed with leathery webbing, while front feet lack webbing.
Distinguishing from Native Frogs and Toads
Distinguishing cane toads from native frogs requires observing multiple features. Many native frogs, even large or warty ones, do not possess the full combination of characteristics found in a cane toad. Avoid making a judgment based on a single feature.
Native true toads, like the southern toad, might be confused with cane toads due to warty skin. However, native toads often have smaller or kidney-shaped parotoid glands, or lack them, and do not have the large, triangular glands characteristic of cane toads. Some native species also possess distinct cranial crests or ridges on their heads that cane toads lack.
Large native frogs, such as the eastern banjo frog (pobblebonk) or some burrowing frogs, might share similar size or coloration. However, these native frogs have smoother, moister skin compared to the cane toad’s dry, warty texture. Native frogs also lack the prominent bony eye ridges and horizontal pupils found in cane toads. Important identification points include overall body shape, the presence or absence of climbing pads on toes (which cane toads lack), and the specific features of the glands behind the eyes.