Falling is a common experience for older adults, with approximately one in four seniors experiencing a fall each year, making these incidents a leading cause of injury. When finding an elderly person on the floor, remain calm and focus on safety for both the individual and the helper. A thoughtful, safe response is far more productive than a rushed attempt to lift the person, which could easily cause further injury. This guidance provides a framework for assessing the situation, assisting the person to a safe position, and preventing future falls.
Immediate Assessment and When to Seek Professional Help
The first moments after a fall are for assessment, not for moving the person. Determine if a serious injury has occurred before attempting any physical assistance. Ask the individual if they are in pain, where the discomfort is located, and if they hit their head.
Serious injuries require immediate professional medical help; call emergency services right away if you observe certain signs. Do not attempt to move the person if they report severe pain, especially in the head, neck, back, or hip. Visible signs of a potential fracture, such as an inability to bear weight or an abnormal limb position, mean the person must remain still until medical personnel arrive.
If the person is unconscious, confused, dizzy, or has symptoms like blurred vision, severe headache, or vomiting, a head injury may have occurred, and they should not be moved. While waiting for help, keep the person warm, cover them with a blanket, and offer calm reassurance. If the person is alert, reports no significant pain or injury, and feels capable of moving, you can proceed with a careful assisted lift.
Step-by-Step Guide for Assisting the Lift
Assuming the person has been cleared for movement and can assist, the safest method involves guiding them to a stable piece of furniture. Begin by helping them slowly roll onto their side, which is less strenuous than lying flat. Encourage the person to bend their knees and use their arms to push themselves up onto their elbows, moving into a side-sitting position if possible.
Next, guide them to maneuver from their side onto their hands and knees, often called the “all fours” or crawl position. This position requires strength and mobility; they should only proceed if they can maintain it comfortably. Once on their hands and knees, position a sturdy, non-wheeled chair directly in front of them, ensuring the chair will not slide.
Instruct the person to crawl toward the chair and place their hands firmly on the seat for stability. From this kneeling position, they will shift one foot forward, placing it flat on the floor in a half-kneeling or lunge position. The helper should brace themselves and stand close, ready to support the person at the hips or waist, avoiding pulling on the arms, which can cause injury.
Using the chair for leverage and pushing off with the foot, the person can push up to stand. The helper provides stability and gentle upward support from the waist. The helper should use proper body mechanics, bending their knees and lifting with their leg muscles to prevent personal back strain. Once standing, the person should immediately sit down on the chair or another secure surface to rest and regain their composure.
Post-Fall Care and Future Prevention
After the individual is safely upright and seated, monitor them closely for the next 24 hours. Even if the fall seemed minor, delayed symptoms like increasing confusion, pain, or dizziness can indicate a hidden injury, such as a concussion. Schedule a follow-up visit with their primary care physician, even without obvious injury, to ensure a thorough medical evaluation.
The event of a fall provides an opportunity to address underlying risk factors and prevent recurrence. A medical review is important, as certain medications, especially those affecting sleep or blood pressure, can increase fall risk. The doctor may adjust dosages or discontinue specific drugs that contribute to dizziness or unsteadiness.
Environmental modifications within the home can significantly reduce the potential for future falls. Simple changes include:
- Removing loose rugs and clutter from walkways.
- Ensuring adequate lighting.
- Installing grab bars in the bathroom near the toilet and shower.
- Using non-slip mats in wet areas.
- Ensuring that frequently used items are stored within easy reach.
Incorporating physical activity that focuses on strength, balance, and gait can directly impact fall prevention. Activities like Tai Chi, water workouts, or specialized physical therapy programs improve muscle strength and coordination. Consulting with a physical therapist can lead to a customized exercise plan that addresses specific balance deficits, helping to build confidence and reduce the risk of falling.