A flash burn on the eye, medically termed photokeratitis, is essentially a sunburn that affects the delicate surface of the eye. This temporary but painful condition occurs when the eye is exposed to intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Common causes include the bright flash from a welding arc, UV rays emitted by sunlamps or tanning beds, and high-intensity reflections off snow or water, sometimes called snow blindness. The UV light damages the outermost layers of the eye, specifically the transparent cornea and the conjunctiva.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Photokeratitis
The most distinguishing characteristic of photokeratitis is the delayed onset of symptoms, which usually appear 6 to 12 hours after UV exposure. This delay means the initial damage goes unnoticed until the pain begins, much like a skin sunburn. The most common symptom is severe eye pain, frequently described as a gritty sensation, as if sand or a foreign object is lodged in the eye.
The eyes typically become red and excessively watery, a protective response to irritation and inflammation. Intense light sensitivity, known as photophobia, makes it uncomfortable or painful to be in a brightly lit environment. Vision may become temporarily blurry or hazy, and individuals may see halos around lights. These painful symptoms are generally temporary, resolving within 24 to 48 hours as the corneal epithelial cells regenerate.
Immediate First Aid and Home Management
The immediate priority is to prevent further exposure and begin soothing the eye. Move immediately to a dark room or dim environment to minimize discomfort caused by light sensitivity. If you wear contact lenses, remove them immediately, as they can trap irritants and interfere with the eye’s natural healing process.
Resting the eyes by keeping them closed as much as possible aids recovery. To relieve pain and reduce swelling, apply a clean, cool, damp washcloth or a cold compress over your closed eyelids for about 15 minutes at a time, three to four times a day. Never apply ice directly to the skin or use chemical cooling packs near the eyes, as they pose a risk of further injury.
To manage the pain, over-the-counter oral pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can be taken following the package instructions. Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops can also provide temporary relief by moistening the eye surface. Resist the urge to rub your eyes, which can cause additional mechanical damage to the already compromised corneal surface.
When to Seek Professional Medical Treatment
While photokeratitis often resolves with home care, professional medical attention is required if the pain is severe, unrelenting, or if symptoms do not begin to improve within 24 hours or persist beyond 48 hours. Any noticeable change or loss of vision warrants an immediate eye examination.
A doctor will perform an eye examination, often using fluorescein dye, which highlights damaged areas on the cornea’s surface under a blue light. Treatment focuses on managing discomfort and ensuring the cornea heals correctly. This may involve prescribing antibiotic eye drops or ointment to prevent secondary bacterial infection while the surface cells are regenerating.
The doctor may prescribe stronger pain medication or special eye drops that temporarily widen the pupil, known as cycloplegic drops. These drops help rest the internal eye muscles and reduce light-related pain. Follow-up care is sometimes recommended to confirm that the cornea has fully healed. Only use eye drops or ointments specifically prescribed by a medical professional.
Preventing Ocular Flash Burns
Preventing ocular flash burns requires using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during activities involving intense UV exposure. For arc welding, a helmet with the correct filter shade rating is mandatory to block intense UV radiation. Quality welding lenses are designed to filter out 100% of harmful UV rays.
In environments with high solar reflection, such as snow-covered landscapes or open water, always wear sunglasses that block at least 99% to 100% of all UV rays. Look for eyewear labeled “UV400” or “100% UV protection” for adequate defense against both UVA and UVB radiation. Wraparound styles or sunglasses with side shields offer the best coverage, preventing UV light from entering the eyes from the sides.