Gum recession is a common dental problem where the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulls back or wears away. This process exposes more of the tooth, or even the tooth’s root. When the roots become exposed, it can lead to increased sensitivity and a higher susceptibility to cavities. While gum recession often progresses gradually, it can affect one tooth or multiple teeth and may go unnoticed until symptoms like sensitivity or a longer tooth appearance emerge.
Understanding Gum Line Healing
The term “healing” in the context of gum recession refers to stopping its progression and protecting exposed tooth structures, as lost gum tissue generally does not grow back on its own. The goals of intervention are to stabilize the gum line, prevent further damage, and, in some instances, surgically restore lost tissue. This approach helps manage symptoms like tooth sensitivity and reduces the risk of root decay.
Common Causes of Gum Recession
Gum recession can stem from various factors. Aggressive tooth brushing, especially with a hard-bristled brush or improper technique, can physically wear away delicate gum tissue. Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection, destroys gum tissue and underlying bone. This leads to inflammation and pockets where bacteria accumulate, further damaging tissue.
Genetic predisposition also plays a role, making some individuals more susceptible to gum disease and recession. Tobacco use, whether smoking or chewing, increases the risk by damaging gum tissue, reducing blood flow, and promoting plaque and tartar buildup. Misaligned teeth or a misaligned bite can contribute, as uneven chewing forces put excessive pressure on certain areas. Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) can also exert undue force on teeth and gums, potentially causing recession.
Professional Interventions
Addressing gum recession often requires professional dental care to halt its progression and restore affected areas. A common initial step is scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure that removes plaque and tartar from both above and below the gum line. This process smooths the tooth roots, helping the gums reattach to the teeth and reducing pockets where bacteria can thrive. While scaling and root planing can reverse early gum disease and prevent further recession, it does not regenerate lost gum tissue.
For significant gum recession, various gum graft surgeries are performed by periodontists to cover exposed roots and reinforce gum tissue. The connective tissue graft is the most common type, involving the removal of tissue from beneath a flap on the roof of the mouth (palate) and stitching it to the receded gum area. This procedure effectively covers exposed roots and thickens the gum. Another option is the free gingival graft, where a small piece of tissue is taken directly from the surface of the palate and attached to the recipient site, primarily used to increase the thickness of thin gums.
A pedicle graft involves partially cutting a flap of gum tissue from an adjacent area and moving it over the exposed root, maintaining its original blood supply. This technique is viable when sufficient healthy gum tissue is nearby. Regenerative procedures can also encourage the regrowth of bone and tissue. Orthodontic treatment can indirectly help by correcting misaligned teeth, which reduces strain on gums and improves overall gum health. However, active gum disease must be treated before orthodontic treatment begins.
At-Home Management and Prevention
Effective at-home care and preventive measures are important for managing gum recession and preventing its progression. Proper brushing technique is important, including using a soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle, circular motions rather than aggressive scrubbing. Overly forceful brushing can physically wear away gum tissue, contributing to recession. Daily flossing is also important to remove plaque and food particles from between teeth and along the gum line, areas toothbrushes may miss.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important for monitoring gum health and removing hardened plaque (tartar) that cannot be removed by brushing alone. These appointments allow dentists to identify and address issues early. Using a therapeutic mouthwash, if recommended, can help control bacteria and reduce inflammation.
For individuals who grind or clench their teeth (bruxism), wearing a nightguard can protect teeth and gums from excessive force. Quitting tobacco use is important, as tobacco impairs gum health and healing. Maintaining a balanced diet supports overall oral health, contributing to resilient gum tissue.