A broken toenail involves a crack, split, or the complete separation of the nail plate from its underlying nail bed. This type of injury often results from direct trauma, such as stubbing a toe or dropping a heavy object on the foot. Ill-fitting footwear or repetitive stress from activities can also contribute to toenail damage.
Initial Steps for a Broken Toenail
First aid for a broken toenail begins with cleaning the injured area to prevent infection. Gently wash the toe with mild soap and warm water, ensuring any dirt or debris is removed. If there is bleeding, apply gentle, direct pressure using a clean cloth or gauze for about 10 to 15 minutes until the bleeding subsides. Elevating the injured foot can also help reduce bleeding and swelling.
After controlling any bleeding, assess the toenail damage. If a portion of the nail is loose or partially detached, it can be gently trimmed with clean nail clippers to prevent further snagging. Apply an antibiotic ointment to the injured area, especially if the nail bed is significantly damaged or exposed, and cover it with a non-stick sterile bandage. This protection is important for the first 7 to 10 days until the exposed skin hardens.
Managing the Healing Process
Consistent care supports the healing of a broken toenail. The bandage should be changed daily, or whenever it becomes wet, to keep the area clean and dry. Continue to apply antibiotic ointment to the nail bed to reduce infection risk. Soaking the injured toe in warm salt water for 20 minutes, two to three times a day, can also help keep the nail bed moist and minimize infection risk.
Protecting the toenail from further trauma is important. Opt for open-toed shoes or footwear with ample room in the toe box to avoid pressure on the injured digit. Toenails grow slowly, and complete regrowth can take anywhere from 6 to 18 months, depending on the individual and the extent of the injury. The new nail gradually replaces the damaged one over this extended healing period.
Knowing When to See a Doctor
While many broken toenail injuries can be managed at home, certain signs indicate professional medical attention is needed. Seek care if there is severe or persistent pain, or if bleeding does not stop after applying sustained pressure. Signs of infection, such as increasing redness, swelling, warmth, pus, or a foul odor around the nail, warrant a doctor’s visit. A fever accompanying these symptoms also suggests infection.
Consult a doctor if the toenail is completely detached, especially if the nail bed is significantly damaged or exposed. If the break extends into the cuticle or nail fold, or if the toe appears crooked or deformed, a doctor should assess for underlying bone fractures or severe soft tissue damage. Individuals with pre-existing conditions like diabetes, poor circulation, or compromised immune systems should consult a doctor for any toenail injury, as they are at higher risk for complications.