Khat (Catha edulis) is a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Its leaves and young shoots are traditionally chewed for their stimulating effects. This guide provides information on cultivating Catha edulis, covering its environmental needs and care practices.
Legal Status of Khat
Khat is classified as a controlled substance in many countries, including the United States, Canada, and various European nations. In the United States, fresh khat leaves contain cathinone, a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, signifying a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
In Canada, Catha edulis is listed as a controlled substance under Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. While personal possession may not always be prohibited, production, trafficking, and import/export are illegal unless authorized. Penalties can be severe, including imprisonment. Laws vary by region, so verify the specific legal standing in your location before cultivation or possession.
Ideal Growing Conditions for Khat
Khat thrives in subtropical environments, requiring specific conditions. It can grow as a shrub or small tree, typically reaching 1–5 meters, and up to 10 meters in equatorial areas. While hardy, optimizing its environment leads to better development.
Light
Khat plants require substantial sunlight, performing best in full sun exposure for most of the day. While they can tolerate partial sun, ample direct light achieves optimal growth. Insufficient light can lead to spindly growth.
Soil
Well-draining, loamy soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH is preferred for khat plants. Proper drainage helps prevent root rot, a common issue for plants sensitive to waterlogging. Khat can adapt to a range of soil conditions, but good drainage is always a priority.
Temperature and Humidity
Khat performs best in warm, subtropical temperatures between 5°C and 35°C (41°F to 95°F). They are sensitive to frost, which can cause leaf loss. Moderate humidity levels are beneficial, especially in drier climates or indoor settings.
Planting and Care
Cultivating khat involves specific steps for propagation, watering, fertilization, and managing pests or diseases. Khat is a slow-growing plant, with mature yields typically reached 5-8 years after planting.
Propagation
Khat can be propagated from both seeds and cuttings. For seeds, sow fresh, viable seeds about 2 cm deep in well-draining soil, such as a mix of vermiculite, sand, or cactus compost. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged for germination, which can take one week to three months. Protect seedlings from direct sunlight initially.
For cuttings, take semi-ripe cuttings, typically 2-6 inches long, from branch tips. Place them in a well-draining potting mix, watering thoroughly and allowing the soil to dry completely between waterings to prevent rot. Using a rooting hormone can promote root development, and cuttings may take several months to root. Place them in a bright area out of direct sunlight, maintaining some humidity.
Watering
Khat plants require regular watering but are sensitive to overwatering. Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between sessions to prevent root rot. Watering frequency depends on climate, soil type, and plant size, but typically every 7-10 days is appropriate. Young plants need more consistent moisture than mature ones.
Fertilizing
Khat benefits from fertilization during its growing season to promote healthy development. A balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 N-P-K ratio, is suitable. Organic fertilizers like compost offer slow release, while chemical fertilizers provide a more immediate boost. Apply fertilizer monthly during spring and summer, using the lowest recommended dose to prevent over-fertilization.
Pest and Disease Management
Khat plants can encounter common pests like aphids and spider mites. Regular inspection aids early detection and treatment. Good air circulation helps prevent fungal diseases, and fungicidal sprays can address issues. Maintaining well-drained soil also prevents root rot.
Harvesting and Storage
Harvesting khat leaves and shoots involves specific timing and techniques to maximize their quality. The plant can be harvested several times a year, potentially yielding four harvests annually. Regular pruning to maintain a height of 2.5–5 meters encourages new growth.
Harvesting is typically done when the leaves are young and tender, usually 3-4 times a year. The morning is often preferred, as leaves may have a higher concentration of active compounds. Pluck young leaves carefully, taking only a portion from each plant to allow for continued growth.
After harvesting, fresh leaves are often consumed promptly because the primary active compound, cathinone, degrades significantly within 48 hours. For storage, leaves can be dried in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight to preserve properties. Harvested bundles are ideally used within 2-3 days to retain freshness.