The common name “elephant ear” refers to several species of tropical plants, primarily from the genera Colocasia and Alocasia. Native to tropical regions of Asia and the Pacific, these plants are known for their impressively large, heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, bringing a dramatic, exotic feel to any garden or container display. Despite their appearance, elephant ears are surprisingly easy to grow and reward gardeners with vigorous, rapid growth throughout the warm season. Successful cultivation begins with understanding their preference for rich soil and consistent moisture.
Selecting the Right Spot and Starting the Plant
Successful growth requires selecting a site with rich, organically dense soil. The ideal soil should be heavy and capable of retaining significant moisture, yet still possess good drainage to prevent the corm from rotting. When planting in the ground, amend the native soil with plenty of compost or aged manure to ensure a humus-rich environment that supports rapid growth.
Elephant ears grow from underground corms or tubers, which should be planted about four inches deep with the growing point facing upward. The optimal time to plant is in late spring or early summer, after all danger of frost has passed and the soil temperature has warmed consistently to at least 70°F. Smaller varieties need at least two feet of space, while larger cultivars may require four feet or more to accommodate their mature size.
Light requirements vary between the two main genera, Colocasia and Alocasia, though both appreciate bright conditions. Colocasia varieties generally tolerate, and often prefer, full sun exposure, which helps maintain deep pigment in darker leaf coloration. Alocasia species, characterized by their upward-pointing leaves, typically prefer partial shade or dappled sun, as intense afternoon sun can scorch their foliage. A location receiving morning sun and afternoon shade is a suitable compromise for most varieties.
Routine Maintenance for Vigorous Growth
Once established, elephant ears require consistent maintenance to fuel foliage production throughout the growing season. Water is the most important factor, as these are marsh plants that thrive in consistently moist conditions. Colocasia in particular can tolerate very wet soil and are often described as needing “wet feet,” even growing well in a few inches of standing water.
While Alocasia also requires ample water, they prefer soil that is consistently moist but better-drained than Colocasia relatives. This makes Alocasia more susceptible to corm rot if the soil remains soggy for extended periods. Regardless of the genus, never allow the soil to dry out completely, especially during peak summer months. Watering daily, or multiple times a day for container plants, may be necessary to meet their high hydration demands.
Elephant ears are heavy feeders due to their fast growth rate and large leaf size. Apply a water-soluble, high-nitrogen fertilizer every two to four weeks throughout the spring and summer. A balanced formula like 20-20-20 or one with a slightly higher nitrogen ratio, such as 20-10-20, helps support the continuous development of lush, green foliage. These tropical plants grow best when daytime temperatures are consistently above 70°F and nighttime temperatures remain above 60°F.
Dealing with Common Issues
During the warm season, elephant ears can occasionally encounter certain pests and fungal problems. Common pests include spider mites, aphids, and mealybugs, which tend to congregate on the undersides of the large leaves. A simple, organic method for managing these infestations is the application of horticultural soap or oil, which smothers the pests without harming beneficial insects.
Fungal leaf blight is the most frequent disease, manifesting as small, round lesions that may ooze fluid and eventually turn purple or yellowish. If left unchecked, the fungus can cause the entire leaf to collapse. Improving air circulation around the plants and avoiding overhead watering helps keep the foliage dry, minimizing conditions favorable for fungal growth. Infected leaves should be removed immediately and discarded away from the garden to prevent the spread of spores.
Regular pruning of yellowed or damaged leaves helps maintain the plant’s appearance and overall health. Elephant ears continuously produce new leaves, and older, lower leaves will naturally yellow and decline over time. Removing this spent foliage directs the plant’s energy toward new growth, enhances the tropical display, and improves air circulation, reducing the risk of disease.
Preparing Elephant Ears for Winter
For gardeners in temperate zones where winter temperatures drop below freezing, elephant ears must be prepared for dormancy. The cue to begin this process is the first light frost, which causes the foliage to die back naturally. Once the leaves have collapsed, cut the stems down to about six inches above the soil line.
Carefully dig up the corms or tubers, starting about a foot away from the base of the plant to avoid damaging the underground structure. After lifting them from the soil, allow the corms to cure for about a week in a dry, well-ventilated area with a temperature between 60°F and 70°F.
This curing process allows the skin to dry and harden, preparing the corm for storage. Once cured, gently brush off any excess soil, but avoid rinsing the corms with water. Store them in a container, such as a cardboard box or paper bag, filled with a dry medium like peat moss, vermiculite, or wood shavings.
The ideal storage environment is a cool, dark, and dry location where the temperature remains consistently between 40°F and 60°F, such as an unheated basement or garage. Check the corms periodically throughout the winter for any signs of rot or desiccation, misting lightly if they appear shriveled.