Vigna unguiculata, commonly known as the cowpea, is a warm-weather annual legume prized globally for its high protein content and adaptability. It is notably drought-tolerant, making it a reliable crop in diverse climates. The seeds are enjoyed in many culinary forms, including familiar varieties like black-eyed peas and crowder peas. This guide covers cultivating cowpeas from initial soil preparation through to harvest.
Preparing the Growing Environment
Cowpeas thrive in full sunlight, requiring a minimum of six to eight hours of direct sun exposure daily. The planting site must have well-draining soil, as the plants are highly susceptible to damage from waterlogging. While cowpeas tolerate poor soil conditions, they perform best in a sandy loam or sandy soil structure.
The ideal soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral, generally between 5.5 and 7.0. As a legume, the cowpea fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Consequently, nitrogen fertilization is typically unnecessary, though a soil test can confirm the need for phosphorus or potassium amendments.
Gardeners must choose between two main growth habits: compact bush varieties, suitable for smaller spaces, or vining (indeterminate) varieties. Vining types spread widely, often require trellising, and need more space between rows to accommodate their sprawling nature.
Sowing Seeds and Spacing
Cowpeas must be direct-sown only after the risk of frost has passed and the soil has warmed sufficiently. Seeds will not germinate reliably until the soil temperature reaches at least 65°F (18°C). Planting too early in cool soil can lead to the seed rotting.
Seeds should be planted one to two inches (2.5 to 5 cm) deep for consistent germination. Spacing varies by growth habit. Bush varieties can be planted four to six inches apart within the row. Vining types require greater separation, generally six to ten inches between plants.
To ensure a continuous supply of fresh pods, use succession planting. Sow small batches of seeds every two to three weeks, continuing until approximately 70 days before the expected first fall frost.
Ongoing Care and Pest Management
Once seedlings establish their first true leaves, consistent maintenance is necessary to support high yields. Although cowpeas are drought tolerant, they require steady moisture, particularly when flowering and developing pods. Insufficient water during these reproductive stages can cause flowers to drop prematurely, reducing the overall harvest.
Weed control is important during the first few weeks of growth, before the plants develop a dense canopy. Once mature, the foliage shades the ground and naturally suppresses competing weeds. Use shallow cultivation or hand-weeding to avoid disturbing the root system near the soil surface.
Cowpeas are susceptible to pests, including the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) and the cowpea curculio. Aphids can be controlled with organic methods, such as insecticidal soap or neem oil extracts. For the cowpea curculio, shaking the plants over a container of soapy water is an effective cultural control method.
Harvesting Methods and Storage
Cowpeas offer flexibility, allowing harvest for fresh consumption or drying for long-term storage. Immature pods, called “snaps,” are harvested when tender and green, similar to green beans. This stage is reached quickly, approximately 40 to 60 days after planting, and continuous picking encourages the plant to produce more flowers and pods.
For dried peas, the pods must be left on the vine until they are completely dry. This process typically takes 80 to 100 days, depending on the variety and climate. The pods will change color from green to yellow or brown, and the seeds inside will rattle when shaken, indicating they are ready.
After harvesting dry pods, spread them in a single layer in a well-ventilated area away from direct sun for two to three weeks to fully cure. Once shelled and completely dry, store the seeds in airtight containers in a cool, dark location. For long-term preservation, the moisture content should be reduced to 8 to 9 percent.