Lilies, members of the genus Lilium, are celebrated garden additions known for their striking blooms and often fragrant presence. These beautiful perennials grow from scaly bulbs and reward the gardener with spectacular color from late spring through summer. Cultivating lilies successfully begins with a careful approach to planting, ensuring the bulb is established correctly to support the tall stems and large flowers that will emerge. This guide details the steps to grow beautiful lilies, starting with the selection of the bulb and ending with preparation for winter dormancy.
Preparing the Site and Choosing Bulbs
Most lily varieties require full sun, meaning at least six hours of direct sunlight daily, though some types may tolerate partial shade, especially in areas with very hot summers. A site that offers protection from strong winds is also beneficial to prevent damage to the tall, flowering stems.
The most fundamental requirement is excellent soil drainage, as lilies do not tolerate waterlogged conditions which can quickly lead to bulb rot. If the existing soil is heavy clay, it is advisable to amend it significantly by loosening the soil to a depth of 12 to 15 inches and incorporating organic matter like compost or well-rotted manure. Amending the soil improves both drainage and fertility, creating the loose, permeable environment lilies prefer.
When selecting bulbs, choose specimens that are plump, firm, and heavy, avoiding any that feel soft or mushy, which indicates decay. Lily bulbs lack a protective tunic, making them susceptible to drying out, so plant them as soon as possible after purchase. If immediate planting is not possible, store them briefly in a cool, dark place, ensuring they are free of mold or significant physical damage.
Step-by-Step Planting Guide
The ideal timing for planting lily bulbs is in the fall, approximately four to six weeks before the first hard frost, which allows the bulb to establish a root system before the ground freezes. Spring planting is also acceptable, especially in colder climates, and should be done as soon as the soil is workable. Planting deeper encourages the stem to develop anchoring roots above the bulb, which provides stability for the mature, tall plant.
A general rule for planting depth is to bury the bulb at a level two to three times its height, typically 4 to 8 inches, depending on the bulb size. Place the bulb pointy side up in the sufficiently deep hole, as this is where the new shoot will emerge. Space bulbs at least 8 to 18 inches apart to ensure good air circulation, which helps prevent fungal diseases as the plants mature.
After setting the bulb in the ground, gently backfill the hole with the amended soil, pressing down lightly to remove any air pockets around the bulb. Immediately following planting, give the area a deep watering to settle the soil and initiate root growth. Applying a layer of mulch, such as shredded bark or compost, helps maintain cool, consistent soil temperatures and moisture levels.
Essential Care During the Growing Season
Once the lily shoots emerge, consistent moisture is necessary, particularly during active growth and dry weather. Watering deeply once or twice a week is better than frequent, shallow watering, but avoid saturating the soil, which risks bulb rot. A layer of mulch helps keep the soil cool and moist around the roots, mimicking the lily’s preference for “cool feet.”
Lilies are moderate feeders and benefit from light fertilization early in the season as the shoots appear. Applying a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a top-dressing of compost can support healthy stem and foliage development. It is recommended to use a high-potassium liquid feed every two weeks through the growing season to encourage robust flowering.
Taller varieties, such as Oriental or Trumpet lilies, may require support to prevent the heavy flowers from bending or breaking the stem in wind or heavy rain. Staking should be done proactively before the stems become too tall, carefully placing the support to avoid piercing the buried bulb. Monitoring for pests, like the red-bodied lily beetle, is also important, and removing them by hand upon sight can prevent significant foliage damage.
Post-Bloom Care and Winter Dormancy
Once the flowers fade, the process of deadheading begins, which involves removing the spent blooms to prevent the plant from diverting energy into seed production. This simple action conserves the plant’s resources, directing energy back into the bulb for next year’s display.
The foliage, however, must remain intact after flowering, as the green leaves continue to photosynthesize and replenish the bulb’s energy stores. Cutting back the stem or leaves prematurely will reduce the nutrients the bulb needs to survive the winter and bloom the following season. Wait until the foliage naturally yellows and dies back, typically in the fall, before cutting the stalks back to just above the soil surface.
In colder climates, apply a thick layer of mulch (4 to 6 inches of straw or shredded leaves) over the planting site before the ground freezes to insulate and protect the dormant bulbs. While lilies tolerate winter cold in most temperate zones, the mulch helps maintain a consistent soil temperature. In regions with extremely cold winters or poor drainage, lifting the bulbs and storing them in a cool, dry place until spring may be necessary.