The “mora plant,” scientifically known as Maclura pomifera, is a unique deciduous tree. It is widely recognized by common names like Osage Orange, Hedge Apple, and Bois d’Arc. This tree is notable for its unusual, large, and bumpy fruit.
Understanding the Mora Plant
Maclura pomifera is a medium-sized deciduous tree, typically growing between 30 to 60 feet tall with a similar spread, forming a broad, rounded crown. Its bark is deeply furrowed and orange-brown. Its leaves are ovate to oblong, glossy dark green, and can turn a vibrant yellow in the fall. A distinguishing feature is the presence of sharp, stout thorns, about 1 inch long, emerging from leaf axils.
The most recognizable characteristic of the Osage Orange is its fruit. These large, spherical, yellowish-green fruits, often called “hedge apples,” measure between 3 to 6 inches in diameter and have a bumpy, wrinkled surface. When the fruit is cut or damaged, it exudes a sticky, milky sap and possesses a distinct woody or citrus-like scent. These fruits are generally not consumed by humans due to their unpalatable taste and latex content.
Growing and Caring for Mora Plants
Osage Orange trees are remarkably adaptable and resilient, thriving across a wide range of environmental conditions. They prefer full sun exposure, requiring at least six hours of direct sunlight daily for optimal growth. While they can tolerate some partial shade, their appearance may suffer.
This tree is highly tolerant of various soil types, including poor, compacted, and clay soils. While it can adapt to diverse pH levels, well-drained loamy soil is generally preferred. Once established, Maclura pomifera is notably drought-tolerant, requiring minimal supplemental watering. Young trees benefit from regular, deep watering during their first growing season to encourage robust root development.
Pruning is beneficial for maintaining the tree’s shape and health, and it can tolerate heavy pruning. The best time to prune is in late winter or early spring before new growth begins. This practice helps to remove dead, damaged, or crossing branches, improving air circulation and light penetration within the canopy. Its general resistance to pests and diseases contributes to its ease of care once established.
Uses and Significance of Mora Plants
Historically, Maclura pomifera held considerable significance, particularly in its native range. Its dense, thorny branches made it an excellent choice for creating living fences or hedges, providing effective barriers for livestock before the widespread use of barbed wire. The wood of the Osage Orange is exceptionally durable, dense, and resistant to rot, making it highly valued for fence posts, tool handles, and archery bows. The French name “bois d’arc,” meaning “bow-wood,” reflects its traditional use by Native Americans for crafting bows.
Beyond historical applications, the tree serves various purposes. Its extensive root system contributes to erosion control. It provides habitat and cover for wildlife, with squirrels and deer consuming seeds or fruit. The fruit contains compounds anecdotally associated with insect-repelling properties, though scientific evidence is limited. The wood yields a yellow-orange dye and has one of the highest heating values of any North American wood, burning long and hot.
Potential Issues and Management
Despite its advantages, Maclura pomifera presents considerations for growers. The tree spreads aggressively, particularly through root suckering if disturbed. Seeds also germinate readily, contributing to its naturalization. This aggressive growth necessitates management in cultivated landscapes to prevent it from becoming weedy or invasive.
A common issue is the mess created by large, heavy fruit falling in autumn. These “hedge apples” can be a nuisance in areas with foot traffic or mowing. Sharp thorns on branches also deter, requiring careful handling and placement, especially near people or pets. Thornless cultivars are available to mitigate this concern.
The Osage Orange is resistant to most pests and diseases. However, it can be susceptible to cotton root rot in some regions. Occasional issues like leaf spot or powdery mildew may arise in humid conditions, but these are not severe. Managing these issues involves careful site selection to avoid fruit litter and regular pruning to control growth and shape.