Reindeer lichen, scientifically known as Cladonia rangiferina, is a unique organism often mistaken for a type of moss. This pale, spongy structure is actually a composite life form resulting from a symbiotic partnership between two distinct organisms. A fungus, the mycobiont, forms the main body, while a photobiont, usually a green alga or cyanobacterium, lives within its tissues. Traditional cultivation methods used for conventional plants are largely ineffective for lichen, primarily due to its extremely slow growth rate, which can be as little as a few millimeters per year. Therefore, caring for this species primarily involves maintaining the very specific environmental conditions that support its long-term preservation and slow, steady growth.
The Unique Biology of Reindeer Lichen
The fundamental difference between lichen and true plants lies in their structure and how they obtain sustenance. Reindeer lichen lacks true roots, vascular systems, or a protective cuticle, which means it cannot draw water and nutrients from the soil like a plant. Instead, this composite organism absorbs all its required moisture and minerals directly from the atmosphere, primarily through rainfall and mist. The symbiotic structure consists of the fungal partner providing shelter and structure, while the photobiont performs photosynthesis, creating the necessary organic carbon. This dualistic nature makes the lichen highly sensitive to air quality and moisture, setting it apart from typical botanical life.
Establishing the Correct Habitat
Successfully maintaining live reindeer lichen requires replicating the harsh, yet stable, conditions of its natural arctic and boreal habitats. The organism thrives in environments where sunlight is filtered and indirect, as direct, intense sun exposure can quickly desiccate the lichen and damage the delicate photobiont cells. Cooler temperatures are also necessary, with the most active growth occurring in a narrow range between 5 and 15°C during its brief growing season. This lichen prefers an acidic and well-drained substrate, such as nutrient-poor sand, peat, bark, or thin layers of humus, with a pH typically ranging from 4.0 to 4.5. The substrate should never be rich, fertile soil, which can introduce competing organisms and excess nutrients, and placement must allow for good air circulation, as stagnant conditions can promote mold growth.
Ongoing Care and Moisture Management
Reindeer lichen care depends on consistent atmospheric humidity for survival. The lichen is highly tolerant of drought and will enter a state of cryptobiosis, becoming dry and brittle without moisture, but it is not truly dead. To maintain its soft, spongy texture and keep it metabolically active, provide regular moisture through a fine misting schedule. Using distilled water or collected rainwater is highly recommended, as mineral deposits from tap water can accumulate and be harmful over time. Balancing high humidity with adequate ventilation is necessary to prevent mold growth. Lichen should be handled with care, especially when dry, as the branching thalli are fragile and break off easily.
Practical Applications and Sourcing
Reindeer lichen is frequently used in decorative applications, such as for model scenery, preserved floral arrangements, and terrarium accents. The material used for these purposes is often stabilized or dyed, meaning it is no longer alive, requires no maintenance, and should not be confused with the live organism. Preserved lichen should be kept dry and away from high humidity to prevent dye running and mold formation. For those seeking to maintain live lichen, ethical sourcing is important due to the organism’s delicate nature and slow growth rate. Commercial harvesting of wild lichen is destructive, as a palm-sized piece can take over 50 years to mature, and it is a primary winter food source for caribou. It is best practice to source lichen from reputable suppliers who confirm it is commercially grown.