Philodendrons are cherished houseplants, known for their diverse foliage and adaptable nature. This large genus offers a wide array of leaf shapes, sizes, and colors, making them a favored choice for indoor gardening enthusiasts. Their resilience and ability to thrive in various indoor environments contribute to their broad appeal. Many varieties are simple to maintain, suitable for both novice and experienced plant owners.
Popular Philodendron Varieties
The philodendron genus encompasses hundreds of species, each with unique characteristics. The Heartleaf Philodendron (Philodendron hederaceum) is a classic vining type, distinguished by glossy, heart-shaped leaves that emerge bronze and mature to vibrant green. This adaptable variety can trail from hanging baskets or climb with support.
Another popular choice is the ‘Brasil’ Philodendron (Philodendron hederaceum ‘Brasil’), a cultivar of the Heartleaf, features variegated leaves with splashes of lime green or yellow on a deep green background. The ‘Pink Princess’ Philodendron (Philodendron erubescens ‘Pink Princess’) stands out with dark green or maroon leaves accented by striking bright pink variegation. This climbing variety develops vibrant colors under specific light and humidity conditions.
For those seeking an upright, self-heading plant, the ‘Birkin’ Philodendron (Philodendron ‘Birkin’) presents dark green leaves intricately striped with white pinstripes. Each leaf can display a distinct pattern. Similarly, the ‘Rojo Congo’ Philodendron (Philodendron ‘Congo Rojo’) is known for large, dark, almost black or deep burgundy-purple leaves that grow upright, forming a bushy, sculptural form. These varieties showcase the wide spectrum of aesthetic possibilities.
Essential Philodendron Care
Light
Philodendrons thrive in bright, indirect light, mimicking their natural habitat beneath tropical canopies. Placing them near an east or west-facing window is suitable, shielding them from direct sun, which can scorch leaves. While philodendrons can tolerate lower light, growth may slow, and foliage coloration might become less vibrant. Insufficient light can also lead to leggy growth, characterized by elongated stems with increased space between leaves.
Watering
Proper watering is fundamental to philodendron health, requiring a balance to avoid over and underwatering. Water when the top inch or two of soil feels dry. Water thoroughly until excess water drains from the bottom of the pot, moistening the entire root ball. Allowing the plant to sit in standing water can lead to root rot, so promptly empty any collected water from the saucer. Wilting leaves can indicate too much or too little water, requiring a check of soil moisture before adjusting the watering routine.
Soil
Philodendrons grow best in a loose, nutrient-rich potting mix that provides excellent drainage and aeration. A suitable mix includes components like peat moss, perlite, or orchid bark, which prevent compaction and allow roots to breathe. This airy structure helps prevent waterlogging, which is detrimental to root health. The soil should be slightly acidic to support optimal nutrient uptake. Repotting with fresh potting mix every couple of years can replenish nutrients and prevent salt buildup.
Temperature and Humidity
These tropical plants prefer warm conditions, thriving in temperatures between 65°F and 85°F (18°C – 29°C). They are sensitive to cold, so protect them from temperatures below 55°F and avoid placing them near cold drafts. Philodendrons flourish in high humidity environments. To increase humidity indoors, use a pebble tray filled with water beneath the pot, ensuring the pot does not sit directly in the water, or employ a room humidifier. Regular misting can also contribute to higher humidity.
Fertilizing
During the active growing season (spring and summer), philodendrons benefit from regular fertilization. A balanced, water-soluble liquid fertilizer applied once or twice a month is suitable. Dilute the fertilizer according to product instructions to prevent over-fertilization, which can damage roots. During the cooler, dormant months of fall and winter, growth slows, and nutrient needs decrease; therefore, reduce or cease fertilizing. Pale new growth may signal a need for more calcium or magnesium, often found in complete fertilizers.
Propagating Philodendrons
Propagating philodendrons is a straightforward process, commonly achieved through stem cuttings in water or soil. This method allows for expanding your plant collection or sharing. The most suitable time for propagation is during spring or summer when the plant is actively growing, though it can be done year-round.
To take a cutting, select a healthy stem section 4 to 6 inches long that includes at least one node, a small bump on the stem where leaves or aerial roots emerge. Make a clean cut just below a node using sterilized shears. Remove any leaves from the bottom portion of the cutting, ensuring no leaves will be submerged if rooting in water or buried if rooting in soil. For water propagation, place the cutting in a clear container with clean water, ensuring nodes are submerged, and change the water every few days to prevent stagnation. Roots typically form within two to three weeks. For soil propagation, insert the cutting into moist, well-draining potting mix with the node buried, keeping the soil consistently moist. Roots should develop in three to four weeks. Once roots are about an inch long, transplant cuttings into individual pots with fresh soil.
Addressing Common Philodendron Issues
Philodendrons are resilient, but like all plants, they can exhibit signs of distress when their needs are not met. Recognizing these symptoms and their causes is the first step toward a healthy plant.
Yellowing Leaves
Yellowing leaves can stem from several factors. Overwatering is a common culprit, especially if lower or younger leaves turn yellow and feel mushy. Insufficient watering can also cause older leaves to yellow and droop. Inadequate light, either too much direct sunlight or too little light, can also lead to yellowing. Nutrient deficiencies or over-fertilization can also manifest as yellowing foliage. Adjusting watering frequency, assessing light exposure, and ensuring proper fertilization can resolve these issues.
Brown Leaf Tips
Brown leaf tips often indicate low humidity, a frequent challenge indoors, particularly during dry seasons. Underwatering can also contribute to crispy, brown tips as the plant struggles to transport moisture to its leaf extremities. Exposure to cold drafts or excessive fertilizer salts can also lead to this symptom. Increasing ambient humidity through misting or humidifiers and maintaining consistent watering are important corrective actions.
Leggy Growth
Leggy growth, characterized by stretched stems with sparse leaves and long gaps, typically signifies insufficient light. The plant is reaching to find more light. To address this, move the plant to a location with brighter, indirect light. Pruning elongated stems can encourage bushier growth and a more compact form, and pruned sections can often be used for propagation.
Pests
Philodendrons can be susceptible to common houseplant pests such as spider mites, mealybugs, aphids, and scale insects. Spider mites often proliferate in low humidity, while fungus gnats may appear if the soil remains excessively soggy. Regularly inspecting foliage, especially the undersides of leaves and stem joints, helps in early detection. If pests are found, gentle organic treatment methods, such as wiping leaves with a damp cloth, or applying insecticidal soap or diluted neem oil solutions, can manage infestations.
Toxicity and Safety
Philodendrons contain calcium oxalate crystals, which are toxic if ingested. Chewing or eating any part of the plant can cause immediate pain, a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, swelling, and irritation. Keep philodendron plants out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental ingestion. If ingestion is suspected, seek medical or veterinary attention immediately.