The Indian Shot Plant, also known as Canna Lily, is a herbaceous perennial known for its bold, often variegated foliage and striking, colorful flowers. These plants produce showy blooms in shades of red, orange, yellow, and pink from mid-summer into early autumn, adding a tropical feel to any garden or container.
Cultivating Indian Shot Plants
Light Needs
Indian Shot Plants thrive in full sunlight, which encourages abundant, vibrant blooms. At least six hours of direct sun daily promotes optimal growth and flowering. While they tolerate partial shade, reduced light often results in fewer flowers and less vigorous growth.
Soil and Planting
Indian Shot Plants prefer well-draining soil rich in organic matter, with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0). Plant rhizomes horizontally about 4 to 6 inches deep, with the “eyes” or buds facing upwards, and space them 18 to 24 inches apart to prevent overcrowding. Ensure soil temperature is consistently above 60°F (16°C) after the last spring frost. For containers, use a quality potting mix with adequate drainage holes.
Watering
Indian Shot Plants require consistent moisture, especially during their active growing season. Water thoroughly once or twice a week to keep the soil evenly moist. Overly wet conditions can lead to rhizome rot. In hot, dry weather or containers, more frequent watering may be needed to prevent the soil from drying out.
Temperature and Humidity
Indian Shot Plants prefer warm conditions, thriving in temperatures up to 90°F (32°C). They are sensitive to cold temperatures and frost, which can damage the foliage. Moderate to high humidity levels are beneficial. In drier climates, container-grown plants can benefit from increased humidity by placing them on a pebble tray filled with water.
Fertilizing
Indian Shot Plants are heavy feeders and benefit from regular fertilization for robust growth and continuous flowering. Begin feeding in early spring and continue monthly throughout the growing season until about six weeks before the first expected frost. A balanced granular or liquid fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 formula, is suitable. Alternatively, a fertilizer higher in phosphorus, like a 5-10-5, can encourage more blooms. Incorporating organic matter or compost into the soil in early spring also enhances nutrient availability and soil structure.
Propagating Indian Shot Plants
The primary method for multiplying Indian Shot Plants is through rhizome division. This is best done in early spring before new growth, or in fall after foliage dies back. Carefully dig up the rhizome clump and gently separate it into sections, ensuring each piece has at least one healthy “eye” or bud and some roots. Replant these divisions directly into the garden or pots.
Growing Indian Shot Plants from seed is also possible, though it is a longer process, and resulting plants may not be identical to the parent due to genetic variation. Canna seeds have a hard outer coat requiring scarification (scratching or filing the coat for water penetration), followed by soaking in warm water for 24 hours or longer. After preparation, sow seeds indoors in a well-draining medium, maintaining warmth for germination.
Common Issues and Solutions
While Indian Shot Plants are generally healthy, they can encounter pests and diseases. Canna leaf rollers, the larvae of the Brazilian skipper, can cause holes in leaves by rolling them up and feeding from the inside. Aphids are common pests that can transmit viruses. Slugs and snails may also chew holes in leaves. Manual removal or insecticidal soap can manage these issues.
Fungal diseases like rust (red-brown spots) and botrytis blight (gray mold) can occur, especially in humid conditions. Improve air circulation and remove infected foliage to prevent spread. Rhizome rot, indicated by yellowing leaves, is caused by overly wet or poorly draining soil. Viruses can cause leaf deformities or discoloration, and infected plants should be removed to prevent further spread.
Winter Care for Rhizomes
In regions with freezing winters (USDA Zones 7 and colder), lift Indian Shot Plant rhizomes to protect them from frost. After the first light frost has blackened the foliage, carefully dig up the rhizome clumps, taking care not to wound them. Cut stems to 2-4 inches above the rhizome and remove excess soil.
Air-dry rhizomes in a well-ventilated area for a few days to cure them and prevent rot during storage. Store them in a cool, dark, and dry location, such as a basement or unheated garage, where temperatures remain between 40-50°F (4-10°C). Layer rhizomes in a container with materials like peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust, ensuring they do not touch each other to minimize moisture buildup and potential decay. Check periodically for rot or excessive drying. In milder climates (Zone 8 and above), rhizomes can often remain in the ground, sometimes with a protective mulch layer.