Fuchsia excorticata, commonly known as the New Zealand Tree Fuchsia or Kōtukutuku, is native to New Zealand. This fuchsia’s tree-like growth habit makes it the largest fuchsia species globally, setting it apart from shrub-like relatives. Its striking appearance, with unique bark and unusual flowers, contributes to its popularity.
Understanding Fuchsia Excorticata’s Unique Features
Fuchsia excorticata has unique physical attributes. Unlike typical fuchsias, it grows as a small tree or large shrub, reaching heights between 8 to 15 meters with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm in optimal conditions. This tree form departs from common trailing or bushy fuchsia varieties.
Its papery, peeling bark is a notable characteristic, light brown or orange, shedding in thin strips to reveal a paler surface underneath. This shedding bark, inspiring its scientific name “excorticata” (‘loose-barked’), provides year-round ornamental value. The plant produces small, pendulous flowers that are greenish-yellow initially, maturing to reddish-purple hues. These flowers often emerge directly from the trunk and older branches (cauliflory).
After blooming, the plant produces small, dark purple to black berries. Its bright blue pollen is rare. Unlike many fuchsia species, Fuchsia excorticata is deciduous in cooler climates, shedding its leaves during winter, though it may retain them in warmer areas.
Cultivating Fuchsia Excorticata
Cultivating Fuchsia excorticata requires understanding its environmental conditions. This species thrives in temperate climates, favoring cool to moderate temperatures. Mature trees tolerate temperatures down to -10°C when dormant; young plants are susceptible to frost and benefit from protection. Choosing a sheltered position, especially from early morning sun, protects tender new growth.
Regarding light, Fuchsia excorticata performs well in partial shade to full sun. In hotter climates, afternoon shade prevents stress and protects foliage from scorching. The plant adapts to woodland conditions, mimicking its native habitat where it often grows alongside streams and in shady gullies. Consistent moisture is important, especially during dry periods.
Ideal soil includes fertile, well-draining soil rich in organic matter, such as peat moss or compost. Optimal daytime temperatures range from 13 to 25°C, preferring cool nights. High humidity is advantageous for its growth; indoor cultivation may require supplemental humidification.
During the active growing season, Fuchsia excorticata benefits from regular fertilization. Applying a balanced fertilizer, such as a native plant formulation, in spring or throughout the growing period supports healthy development and flowering. For potted plants, a weekly application at a quarter-strength dilution is recommended. This species can be susceptible to common pests like aphids, whiteflies, and red spider mites. Maintaining proper growing conditions and good air circulation prevents most issues.
Propagating and Maintaining Fuchsia Excorticata
Propagation uses seeds and cuttings. Seeds are best sown when ripe, immediately or in spring. Seeds should be surface-sown in a warm, moist environment; germination occurs within six weeks. New seedlings are delicate and require careful handling during establishment.
Softwood cuttings, taken during the growing season, are an effective method. Cuttings 5-8 cm long can be rooted in well-draining soil, maintaining moderate light and consistent humidity to encourage root development. Rooting hormone can enhance success rates. Once rooted, these young plants can be transplanted to their permanent locations.
Maintenance involves pruning. Regular pruning maintains the plant’s desired shape and promotes vigorous flowering. The ideal time for this is in early spring as the plant begins its new growth cycle. Since the flowers emerge directly from older wood, pruning should be approached carefully to avoid removing potential bloom sites. Minimal pruning is sufficient, allowing the plant to develop its natural form while ensuring good air circulation and removing dead or diseased wood.
Ecological and Cultural Importance
Beyond ornamental appeal, Fuchsia excorticata holds ecological importance within its native New Zealand ecosystem. Its nectar-rich flowers and dark purple berries feed native bird species, including tūī, bellbirds, and silvereyes. These birds pollinate and disperse its seeds.
Known as kōtukutuku by Māori, this tree carries deep cultural significance. The berries, called kōnini, were a favored foodstuff for Māori and early European settlers, used for jams and puddings. Historically, the plant’s leaves were used in traditional Māori practices, such as vapor baths for women after childbirth or to alleviate fevers and bruises.
The bark was traditionally used for tanning, while berries provided purple dyes and inks. Its unique blue pollen was used as facial makeup. While widespread, Fuchsia excorticata faces threats from introduced mammalian pests, particularly possums, which browse on its foliage, flowers, and fruits, leading to defoliation and population decline.