Euphorbia balsamifera, commonly known as Balsam Spurge or Canary Islands Spurge, is a unique and resilient addition to many garden settings. Cherished for its distinctive architectural form and remarkable drought tolerance, its succulent nature allows it to thrive where many other plants struggle. This makes it a valuable choice for water-wise landscapes, adding visual interest and structure.
Characteristics and Identification
Euphorbia balsamifera is characterized by its thick, fleshy, extensively branching stems, forming a shrub-like or small tree. These cylindrical stems range from green to grayish-brown, often becoming woody with age. Small, linear or lance-shaped deciduous leaves emerge along the stems, often shed during dry periods to conserve moisture.
Mature plants can reach heights of 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3 meters) with a similar spread. This species is native to arid regions of the Canary Islands, western Morocco, and the Western Sahara, where it naturally inhabits arid, rocky slopes and sandy dunes. When any part of the plant is cut or broken, it exudes a white, milky sap, a distinctive identifying feature common to the Euphorbia genus.
Growing and Care
This plant performs best in full sun, receiving at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. While partial shade is tolerated in very hot climates, consistent full sun encourages more compact, vigorous growth.
Being drought-tolerant, Euphorbia balsamifera requires infrequent watering. Allow the soil to dry out completely between waterings. During the active growing season, water thoroughly but infrequently, ensuring excess water drains freely. Overwatering is a common cause of decline, often leading to root rot.
This plant thrives in very well-draining, sandy, or gritty compositions. A good mix includes standard potting soil with significant perlite, pumice, or coarse sand to enhance drainage. It tolerates low nutrient content.
Warm temperatures are conducive to Euphorbia balsamifera growth. This succulent is not frost tolerant and should be protected from temperatures below 25°F (-4°C), as prolonged exposure can cause severe damage. In cooler climates, it is best grown in containers moved indoors during winter months.
Fertilization needs are minimal, reflecting its natural habitat. If desired, a highly diluted, balanced liquid fertilizer can be applied once annually during spring. Over-fertilization can lead to weak, leggy growth. Many growers find this plant performs well without supplementary feeding.
Propagation
Propagation is achieved through stem cuttings. Select healthy, mature stems 4 to 6 inches long. After cutting, allow the severed end to callus (dry and form a protective seal) for several days to a week. This step prevents rot when planted.
Once callused, insert cuttings into a well-draining potting mix. Gently mist the soil surface, avoiding overwatering. Warmer months (spring or early summer) are best for quicker rooting.
Important Considerations
The milky sap is an important consideration. This latex can cause skin irritation and severe eye irritation, potentially leading to temporary blindness. Wearing protective gloves and eye protection is important when handling this plant.
The sap is also toxic if ingested, posing a risk to pets and small children, so keep the plant out of reach. While robust, Euphorbia balsamifera can occasionally encounter pests like mealybugs or spider mites. These pests can be managed by wiping them away or applying insecticidal soap.
Root rot is the primary disease concern, caused by overwatering and poor drainage. Ensuring the plant is in well-draining soil and only watered when dry will largely prevent this issue.
Uses and Landscaping
Its unique form and resilience make Euphorbia balsamifera highly valued in landscaping. It is excellent for xeriscaping, rock gardens, and coastal environments due to its drought tolerance. Its architectural appeal makes it a striking focal point in Mediterranean-style landscapes. For non-hardy regions, it performs well as a container plant or houseplant.