The Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata) is a tropical tree prized for its fragrant flowers, valued in perfumery. Native to Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, this evergreen plant is admired for its ornamental value. Its name, “Ylang-Ylang,” translates to “flower of flowers” in Tagalog. It features glossy, elongated leaves and can be trained as a shrub or tree.
Basic Care Requirements
Light
The Ylang-Ylang plant prefers bright, indirect sunlight for optimal growth and flowering. While it can tolerate full sun as a mature tree, young plants may experience stress or leaf burn from intense, direct midday sun. Indoors, position the plant for ample light without harsh direct exposure. Six hours of daily sunlight encourages vigorous growth and abundant blooms. If natural light is insufficient, full-spectrum grow lights can supplement its needs, ideally positioned about 30-45 cm above the plant for 12-16 hours daily.
Soil and Potting
Ylang-Ylang thrives in well-draining soil rich in organic matter. A suitable soil mix includes sand, loam, and clay for fertility and good drainage. The ideal pH range for the soil is moderately acidic to slightly acidic, typically between 5.5 and 7.0. For container-grown plants, ensure the pot has adequate drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. Perlite or grit enhances drainage, while organic compost or well-rotted manure enriches soil structure and nutrient content.
Watering
Consistent moisture is important, especially for young trees. Water thoroughly, ensuring the entire root ball is wet, but then allow the top inch or two of soil to dry slightly before the next watering. Overwatering can lead to yellowing leaves, leaf drop, and root rot. Underwatering can cause wilting and brown, brittle leaves. Monitor soil moisture by touch; frequency varies with season and environment.
Temperature and Humidity
Ylang-Ylang plants prefer warm temperatures, with an optimal range between 20°C and 38°C (68°F to 100.4°F). They are sensitive to cold and frost, making them suitable for USDA hardiness zones 10-12. Maintaining high humidity is also beneficial, especially in non-tropical climates. To increase humidity, especially indoors, mist foliage or use a pebble tray. Protecting the plant from cold winds and sudden temperature fluctuations helps prevent stress and promotes healthy growth.
Fertilizing
Regular fertilization supports healthy growth and prolific flowering. Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer (e.g., 14-14-14) every three to four months during active growing seasons. Some sources suggest a 10-10-8 ratio for higher nitrogen and phosphorus. Compost provides a sustained release of nutrients. Fertilization should be reduced or halted during the plant’s dormant period, typically in winter.
Pruning and Training
Regular pruning manages the Ylang-Ylang’s size and shape, as it can grow 10 to 15 meters or more. Pruning promotes bushier growth, encourages more prolific flowering, and maintains an open canopy for better air circulation and light penetration. Prune after the last winter frosts or during its dormant period in early to late winter.
Remove dead, diseased, or crossing branches to maintain structural integrity. Make clean, 45-degree angle cuts just above a leaf node for healthy regrowth. Thinning the canopy center improves air circulation, reducing disease pressure. For container plants or smaller spaces, moderate pruning controls size while encouraging blooms. Use sterilized tools to prevent disease spread.
Flowering and Fragrance
Ylang-Ylang is prized for its distinctive, intensely fragrant flowers. Blooms emerge lime green, gradually turning chartreuse, then golden-yellow before dropping. Each star-shaped flower has six narrow, elongated petals, appearing in clusters along branches. Flowering can occur year-round in warm, humid conditions, peaking after dry weather or during hot, humid seasons.
The fragrance, rich, deep, and sweet with notes of jasmine and neroli, is most intense at night, attracting nocturnal pollinators. This strong aroma leads to early morning harvesting for essential oil extraction. Trees typically begin blooming around three to four years of age when grown from seed. More harvested flowers lead to increased production, with some mature trees blooming almost constantly.
Common Problems and Solutions
Ylang-Ylang can encounter issues related to environmental conditions or pests. Yellowing leaves often indicate improper watering. Both overwatering (leading to root rot) and underwatering (causing dehydration) can yellow and drop leaves. Allowing soil to dry slightly between waterings and ensuring drainage prevents these issues.
Inadequate light also causes yellowing leaves and stunted growth, especially without six hours of daily sunlight. Nutrient deficiencies, like nitrogen or phosphorus, can cause yellowing foliage or stunted growth. Applying a balanced fertilizer can address these imbalances. While generally resistant, Ylang-Ylang can be affected by pests like aphids, scale insects, spider mites, or whiteflies. These pests feed on plant sap, weakening growth and discoloring leaves. Regular inspection, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, or natural predators like ladybugs can manage infestations.