The African Water Fern, known scientifically as Bolbitis heudelotii, is a highly regarded aquatic plant that brings a unique aesthetic to freshwater aquariums. Originating from fast-flowing rivers and streams in West Africa, this fern features distinctive dark green, feathery, or somewhat translucent leaves. Its appealing appearance and hardy nature have made it a popular choice for aquascapers and hobbyists seeking to create a lush, natural underwater environment.
Essential Care for African Water Fern
Lighting Needs
African Water Fern thrives under low to moderate lighting conditions, requiring six to eight hours of light daily. Too much intense light can lead to undesirable algae growth on the fern’s leaves, causing the foliage to appear more translucent green. Insufficient light might result in slower growth, and its leaves may take on a darker hue. Fluorescent, incandescent, or LED lights are suitable options, with placement in shaded areas under larger hardscape elements or taller plants yielding the best results.
Water Quality and Temperature
This fern prefers slightly acidic to neutral water (pH 6.0-7.5) and soft to medium hardness (3-8 dGH). Stable tropical temperatures, 70-82°F (21-28°C), promote healthy growth. Consistent water conditions and regular partial water changes are important. The African Water Fern does not tolerate saline or brackish water. It benefits from moderate water flow, which keeps its leaves free of debris.
Nutrient Requirements
Unlike many aquatic plants that draw nutrients from the substrate, African Water Fern is a water column feeder, absorbing nutrients directly through its leaves and rhizome. Supplementing the water column with liquid fertilizers containing macro and micronutrients is beneficial for robust growth. While carbon dioxide (CO2) injection can enhance growth density and coloration, it is not necessary for the plant to thrive. In low-maintenance aquariums, fish waste can contribute some nutrients, reducing the need for extensive fertilization.
Anchoring and Placement
The rhizome, the thick stem from which its leaves and roots emerge, is a key consideration for African Water Fern. This rhizome must never be buried in the substrate, as doing so will lead to rot and kill the plant. Instead, the fern should be attached to hardscape elements such as driftwood or rocks. Common attachment methods include using fishing line, cotton thread, or aquarium-safe super glue containing cyanoacrylate, until the plant’s roots naturally adhere to the surface. Given its potential size, African Water Fern is placed in the mid-ground to background areas of an aquarium, providing depth and texture to the aquascape.
Propagating African Water Fern
Propagating African Water Fern is done through rhizome division. This method involves carefully cutting a section of the rhizome with a few healthy leaves attached. Use a sharp, clean blade to make a precise cut, minimizing stress to the plant. Once separated, the new section can be re-attached to driftwood, rocks, or other hardscape in the desired location. While rhizome division is the primary propagation technique, smaller plantlets can also form on mature leaves, developing into new individual plants.
Troubleshooting Common Problems
Maintaining the health of African Water Fern involves addressing common issues that may arise. Recognizing the signs and understanding their causes helps in providing timely solutions.
Melting or browning leaves
Melting or browning leaves are a frequent concern, especially when the plant is newly introduced to an aquarium. This issue can also signal nutrient deficiencies, including a lack of potassium, iron, phosphorus, or nitrogen. Sudden fluctuations in water parameters, or water that is too hard or alkaline, can contribute to leaf deterioration. Ensuring stable water conditions, providing adequate fertilization, and confirming the rhizome is not buried are corrective measures. Removing any unhealthy or decaying leaves allows the plant to redirect energy to new growth.
Stunted growth or leaves appearing pale
Stunted growth or pale leaves can indicate insufficient lighting, nutrient deficiency, or poor water quality. Adjusting the duration and intensity of aquarium lighting can stimulate better growth. Increasing the dosage of liquid fertilizers, those rich in nitrates and phosphates, can replenish nutrient levels. Regular water changes help maintain high water quality, and while not required, CO2 supplementation can boost growth and improve leaf coloration.
Algae growth on the fern’s leaves
Algae growth on the fern’s leaves is another common problem, indicating an imbalance of light and nutrients. Excessive light duration or intensity, coupled with abundant nutrients, can lead to algae growth. Insufficient water flow can also allow detritus to accumulate on the leaves, feeding algae. Solutions involve reducing light duration or intensity, ensuring proper nutrient balance, and promoting good water circulation. Cleaning the leaves gently and introducing algae-eating species can also help manage the issue.