The African Milk Bush (Euphorbia tirucalli) is a distinctive succulent known for its architectural interest. Also called Pencil Cactus, Fire Sticks, Indian Tree Spurge, and Milk Bush, its striking, seemingly leafless form makes it a popular ornamental choice for both indoor and outdoor settings.
Identifying African Milk Bush
Euphorbia tirucalli is characterized by slender, cylindrical branches resembling pencils. These succulent stems are typically green, but varieties like ‘Fire Sticks’ develop striking red, orange, and yellow hues in direct sunlight or cooler temperatures. Small, oval leaves may emerge at branch tips but are often short-lived. Native to semi-arid tropical climates of Africa and India, it grows as a shrub or small tree, reaching 20 to 30 feet in the wild or up to 6 feet indoors. A distinguishing feature is the milky white sap that exudes from its stems when broken.
Growing and Caring for African Milk Bush
African Milk Bush thrives in dry conditions, making it a low-maintenance plant. It prefers full sun exposure (at least six hours daily), though it can tolerate partial shade from intense afternoon sun in hot climates. Indoors, a bright, south-facing window provides sufficient light.
Water infrequently, allowing the soil to dry completely between waterings to prevent root rot. During warmer seasons, watering every two to three weeks is sufficient; reduce to monthly in cooler months. Use well-draining soil, such as a sandy or succulent-specific potting mix, with good drainage holes.
The plant prefers warm temperatures (65-85°F) and is not frost-tolerant, requiring protection below 40-50°F. Fertilization is minimal, typically an annual application of balanced succulent fertilizer during the growing season. Pruning in early spring maintains shape, controls size, or removes damaged branches.
Toxicity and Safety Precautions
The milky white sap (latex) found in all parts of the African Milk Bush is highly irritating to skin and eyes, and toxic if ingested. Skin contact can cause dermatitis, characterized by irritation, redness, burning, and sometimes blistering. Ocular exposure is serious, potentially leading to severe irritation and temporary blindness. Ingestion can cause irritation and burning of the mouth, lips, and tongue, sometimes leading to vomiting.
When handling Euphorbia tirucalli, wear protective gloves and eye protection. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after contact. Keep the plant out of reach of children and pets due to its toxic properties. If exposure occurs, especially to the eyes or mouth, seek immediate medical attention.
Propagation and Common Issues
African Milk Bush is readily propagated through stem cuttings. Select a healthy stem at least 6 inches long and use clean, sharp pruning shears. Allow the severed end to dry and form a callus for several days to a week before planting; this prevents rot. Plant the callused cutting in a well-draining succulent or cactus mix, burying it about an inch deep. Provide indirect sunlight until roots establish, which typically takes a few weeks.
While generally resilient, African Milk Bush can experience issues related to improper care. Overwatering is a frequent problem, leading to root rot, characterized by soft, discolored stems and plant decline. Ensure the soil dries completely between waterings and provide adequate drainage. Leggy or stretched growth indicates insufficient light; move the plant to a brighter location for more compact growth. Though relatively pest-resistant, occasional mealybug or spider mite infestations can occur, addressed with insecticidal soap or neem oil.