Galvanized poisoning, also known as metal fume fever, results from exposure to zinc, typically in the form of zinc oxide fumes. It often occurs when heating or working with galvanized materials.
Understanding Galvanized Poisoning
Galvanized poisoning, also known as metal fume fever, is primarily caused by inhaling volatile metal oxides, most notably zinc oxide. This occurs when galvanized metals, which are steel coated with a thin layer of zinc to prevent corrosion, are heated to high temperatures. Processes such as welding, cutting, or grinding galvanized materials can vaporize the zinc coating, leading to the release of zinc oxide fumes into the air.
Exposure can also happen through consuming food or liquids stored in galvanized containers, especially acidic ones, as acidic substances can react with the zinc coating and cause zinc to leach into the contents. While acute exposure is most common, metal fume fever is generally a short-term illness.
Symptoms of galvanized poisoning generally resemble those of the flu, appearing within a few hours to 10 hours after exposure. Common signs include fever, chills, body aches, muscle pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste in the mouth. Some individuals may also experience fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain. These symptoms are usually self-limiting and tend to resolve within 24 to 48 hours, though full recovery might take up to four days.
Immediate Steps
Immediate action is important to minimize exposure and facilitate recovery if you suspect galvanized poisoning. The first step is to remove yourself from the source of exposure. This means stopping any activity generating fumes, such as welding or cutting, and moving to a fresh air environment.
If the exposure occurred indoors, improving ventilation can help disperse remaining fumes. Opening windows and doors or activating exhaust fans can help clear the air. After removing yourself from the source, seek professional medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and to prevent complications.
Contact emergency services, a poison control center, or go to an urgent care facility or emergency room. When speaking with medical professionals, provide a detailed account of the exposure, including the type of material involved and the duration of exposure. While awaiting medical help, rest and maintain hydration by drinking fluids.
Professional Medical Treatment
Medical professionals diagnose galvanized poisoning, or metal fume fever, based on a review of symptoms and occupational history. While there is no specific diagnostic test, blood tests might show an elevated white blood cell count or elevated zinc levels. Chest X-rays are usually normal but might show abnormalities in severe instances.
The primary approach to treatment is supportive care, focusing on managing symptoms as the condition is usually self-limiting. Rest, adequate hydration, and over-the-counter medications like antipyretics (fever reducers) and anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., NSAIDs) are commonly recommended to alleviate flu-like symptoms, aches, and fever. For respiratory symptoms like shortness of breath, oxygen therapy might be administered. Intravenous fluids and anti-emetics may be given to address dehydration, nausea, and vomiting.
Chelation therapy is not necessary for most cases of metal fume fever, as the condition resolves on its own. However, in very severe or chronic zinc toxicity, chelation therapy, which uses specific drugs to remove excess metals from the body, might be considered. This is a medical decision made by healthcare professionals and is rare for acute galvanized poisoning. Monitoring the patient’s condition, including vital signs and symptom progression, is part of medical management.
Preventing Future Exposure
Preventing future exposure to galvanized materials, especially when heated, is important to avoid recurrence of galvanized poisoning. When working with galvanized metals, such as during welding, cutting, or grinding, ensure proper ventilation. This includes using local exhaust ventilation systems to capture fumes at the source and working in well-ventilated areas, ideally outdoors, to prevent fume accumulation.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is another important layer of protection. Wearing appropriate respirators, such as N95 or P100 masks, can help filter out zinc oxide fumes and other airborne particles. Eye protection and gloves are also advisable. Workers should be trained on the correct use and maintenance of their PPE.
Avoid storing or consuming food and drinks from galvanized containers. Acidic foods and liquids can cause zinc to leach from the coating into the contents, posing an ingestion risk. Instead, use food-safe containers made of materials like glass or stainless steel.