The cottonmouth, also known as the water moccasin, is a venomous snake found predominantly in the aquatic and semi-aquatic environments of the southeastern United States. Encounters with this reptile can be alarming, prompting the need for safe and responsible removal methods. Successfully managing the presence of these snakes involves accurate identification, strict adherence to safety protocols, and strategic modification of the environment to discourage their presence. The approach must prioritize human safety while respecting wildlife regulations and the animal’s role in the ecosystem.
Accurate Identification of Cottonmouths
Distinguishing the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) from harmless water snakes is a primary step in ensuring safety, as misidentification often leads to unnecessary conflict. The cottonmouth is a heavy-bodied snake with a thick neck and a distinctly triangular head, a shape largely due to the venom glands behind the eyes. Unlike non-venomous look-alikes, this species possesses vertical, cat-like pupils and a deep, heat-sensing pit located between the eye and the nostril.
The behavior of the cottonmouth also offers recognizable clues during an encounter. When threatened, it engages in a defensive display by opening its mouth wide to reveal the strikingly white, cotton-colored interior—the source of its common name. This species tends to swim with its entire body resting on the water’s surface, while non-venomous water snakes typically swim with only their heads above the water line. Juvenile cottonmouths possess a bright, sulfur-yellow or greenish tail tip that fades as they mature.
Immediate Safety Protocols During an Encounter
If you discover a cottonmouth on your property, the safest response is to immediately create distance and leave the animal undisturbed. Bites most often occur when a person attempts to handle, harass, or kill the animal, as the snake’s primary instinct is usually to flee. Slowly and calmly back away from the snake, ensuring that pets and small children are moved to a safe location. The reptile will typically move on once it no longer perceives a threat.
If a bite occurs, call 911 or emergency services immediately. While awaiting professional assistance, remain calm and still to slow the circulation of venom throughout the body. The affected limb should be immobilized and kept below the level of the heart, if possible. Gently wash the wound with soap and water, and remove any constrictive items like rings or watches before swelling begins. Do not apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, attempt to suck out the venom, or use ice, as these actions can cause further harm.
Habitat Modification for Long-Term Exclusion
The most sustainable strategy for long-term exclusion involves making the property unattractive by eliminating the resources cottonmouths seek: shelter, food, and water. Snakes are attracted to areas that provide dense cover for hiding and thermoregulation.
Removing Shelter and Cover
Remove all unnecessary debris, including wood piles, rock mounds, and piles of leaf litter, relocating them far from the house or keeping them elevated off the ground. Maintaining short grass across the yard minimizes hiding spots and makes any snake movement visible. Dense landscaping and brushy fence rows should be trimmed back, especially near the foundation of the home or outbuildings. Sealing cracks and openings in the foundation or under sheds with hardware cloth can prevent entry into structures.
Controlling Food and Water Sources
Controlling the population of prey animals, such as rodents and amphibians, reduces the food incentive for cottonmouths to stay. Securely storing pet food and bird seed prevents attracting mice and rats, which are a primary food source for many snakes. Eliminating sources of standing water is equally important, as cottonmouths are semi-aquatic. This includes repairing leaky outdoor faucets and avoiding overwatering the lawn.
Installing Physical Barriers
For a physical barrier, snake-proof fencing can be installed around a specific area, such as a yard or pool enclosure. This fencing should be constructed of fine mesh, such as hardware cloth, with openings no larger than one-quarter inch. The barrier needs to be at least 30 to 36 inches high and buried six to ten inches deep into the soil to prevent snakes from burrowing underneath. The fence should also be angled outward, away from the protected area, to discourage climbing over the top.
Professional Removal and Wildlife Regulations
Attempting to physically capture or remove a cottonmouth without professional training is extremely hazardous and should not be done by a homeowner. If a snake poses an immediate threat and cannot be allowed to move away, contact a licensed wildlife control operator or local animal control services. These professionals have the specialized equipment and training necessary to safely capture and relocate venomous reptiles.
Regulations concerning the handling of venomous snakes vary significantly by state and local jurisdiction. In some areas, native venomous species like the cottonmouth may be protected, making it illegal for an unlicensed individual to capture, relocate, or kill them. Always consult with the state’s fish and wildlife agency to understand the specific laws governing venomous snake removal in your area.