Cat scratches are common but pose a unique risk because cats harbor bacteria in their claws and saliva. When the skin barrier is broken, these microorganisms are deposited deep into the tissue. Prompt initial treatment is necessary to minimize the risk of localized infection and prevent systemic illness.
Immediate Care After a Scratch
Begin by thoroughly washing the affected area using mild soap and running water for several minutes. This mechanical cleansing flushes out bacteria and debris introduced by the claw, which is more effective than aggressive scrubbing.
If the scratch is bleeding, apply gentle, firm pressure using a clean cloth or sterile gauze until the flow stops. Once the wound is clean and bleeding is controlled, apply a thin layer of over-the-counter antibiotic ointment. This maintains a moist environment that promotes healing and provides a barrier against pathogens.
Covering the injury is generally recommended. Use a sterile bandage or dressing, changing it daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty. Protecting the wound is important for scratches on the hands or face, which are more susceptible to infection due to frequent exposure.
Monitoring for Infection and Cat Scratch Disease
Monitor the wound for signs of bacterial infection over the next few days. Localized infection is indicated by increased redness, warmth, swelling, pain that persists or worsens 24 to 48 hours after the injury, or the presence of pus or fluid draining from the scratch.
A more specific concern unique to cat injuries is Cat Scratch Disease (CSD), which is caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. Cats often carry this bacterium after being infected by fleas, and they can transmit it to humans through a scratch, bite, or by licking an open wound.
Symptoms of CSD usually begin three to ten days after the initial exposure with the development of a small, raised lesion or bump at the scratch site. The hallmark symptom is painful, swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) that develop one to three weeks later, typically in the area closest to the scratch. Systemic symptoms often accompany the lymph node swelling, including fever, headache, fatigue, or muscle aches. Immediate medical attention is necessary if you experience a high fever, signs of systemic illness, or if the scratch is deep or on the face or hands.
Fading Scars and Promoting Skin Repair
After the scratch has fully healed, focus shifts to minimizing the visible scar. Scar formation occurs when the body produces excess collagen fibers to repair the skin. The most effective strategy for improving a new scar’s appearance is maintaining consistent moisturization.
Applying an occlusive agent like petroleum jelly or a specialized cream keeps the newly formed skin pliable. This continuous moisture supports organized collagen matrix formation, leading to a flatter, less noticeable scar over time. Daily gentle massage of the scar tissue with a moisturizer can also help to break up the dense collagen fibers, encouraging the scar to flatten and soften.
Sun protection is important, as ultraviolet (UV) radiation significantly impacts scar appearance. New scar tissue is susceptible to hyperpigmentation, causing it to darken and become more noticeable. Applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher is necessary for up to a year. For scars that become raised, silicone sheets or gels are a recommended over-the-counter option, as they create a protective barrier that regulates hydration and temperature.