A black and blue mark, commonly known as a bruise, is discolored skin resulting from an injury. These marks form when small blood vessels beneath the skin’s surface break, allowing blood to leak into surrounding tissues. Managing bruises involves steps to reduce their appearance and promote healing, while also recognizing when medical attention may be necessary.
What is a Black and Blue Mark?
A bruise forms when trauma causes tiny capillaries to rupture under the skin. Since the skin remains unbroken, the released blood pools, leading to visible discoloration. Initially, a bruise often appears reddish as fresh, oxygen-rich blood gathers beneath the skin. Within one to two days, the blood loses oxygen and begins to change color, typically appearing blue, purple, or black.
As the body naturally works to break down the trapped blood, the bruise continues to evolve in color. Around five to ten days after the injury, the bruise may turn green or yellow. This color change occurs as hemoglobin, the iron-rich substance in blood, is broken down into other compounds like biliverdin (greenish) and bilirubin (yellow). Finally, after about 10 to 14 days, the bruise often appears yellowish-brown or light brown before fading completely, though more severe bruises can last a month or longer.
Initial Steps for New Bruises
Immediate care for a new bruise, within the first 48 hours, can help minimize its size and severity. Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the affected area constricts blood vessels, which reduces blood leakage, swelling, and pain.
When applying ice, wrap it in a towel or cloth and apply it for about 10 to 20 minutes at a time, with breaks in between. Resting the injured area helps prevent further damage, and elevating the bruised limb above heart level can reduce swelling by allowing fluid to drain away. Gentle compression, such as wrapping the area with an elastic bandage, can also help control swelling, but it should not be applied too tightly.
Methods to Speed Up Healing
After the initial 48-hour period, other methods can be employed to encourage faster healing of a bruise. Applying a warm compress or heating pad to the area can increase blood flow, which aids the body in reabsorbing the trapped blood. This heat therapy can be applied for 10 to 20 minutes several times a day. Gentle massage around, but not directly on, the bruised area can also stimulate blood flow and support the healing process.
Topical creams may offer benefits. Arnica, a homeopathic herb, is often used to reduce inflammation, swelling, and discoloration, and can be applied two to three times a day. Creams containing vitamin K may also help clear and fade bruises.
Dietary considerations can also support healing. Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapple, has anti-inflammatory properties that could help reduce bruising. Consuming foods rich in vitamin C may also support the body’s healing processes.
When to Consult a Doctor
While most bruises are minor and resolve naturally, certain signs indicate that medical attention is necessary. Consult a healthcare provider if:
- A bruise appears without an obvious cause, or is unusually large or painful.
- Bruises do not fade or improve after two weeks, or recur in the same location.
- There is severe swelling, a lump in the bruised area (which could indicate a hematoma), or persistent pain that lasts for days after the injury.
- Bruising is accompanied by fever, a black eye with vision problems, or is around the head or abdomen.
- You experience unexplained frequent or large bruises, or bruising with unusual bleeding elsewhere.
Reducing Your Risk of Bruises
Proactive measures can help minimize the likelihood of developing bruises. Wearing appropriate protective gear during activities like sports or tasks with potential for impact can shield the body from injury. Improving balance and ensuring adequate lighting in the home can help prevent falls, which are common causes of bruises. Removing clutter and securing rugs also reduces tripping hazards.
Awareness of certain medications is important, as some can increase susceptibility to bruising by affecting blood clotting. These include blood thinners, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, and corticosteroids. If you notice increased bruising while on medication, discuss it with your doctor, but do not stop taking prescribed medicines without their guidance. A balanced diet rich in vitamin C and bioflavonoids may also help strengthen capillaries and reduce the risk of bruising.