Mace and pepper spray use Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), an oil-based resin extracted from chili peppers, as their active ingredient. This substance contains capsaicinoids, which bind to pain receptors on the skin and mucous membranes, causing intense burning and involuntary reactions. Since OC is oil-based, it is not water-soluble; simple water flushing will only spread the irritant. Effective decontamination requires materials that can break down or dissolve this oily resin.
Prioritizing Safety and Stopping Exposure
The immediate priority is to stop the exposure and prevent the irritant from spreading. Immediately move away from the source of the spray and get into a well-ventilated space with fresh air. Staying in a contaminated area, especially indoors, will only prolong the effects and worsen respiratory irritation.
Resist the urge to rub your eyes or skin, as this drives the oily OC deeper into the pores and tissues. Rubbing dramatically increases the pain and significantly delays recovery.
Remove all contaminated clothing. Cut off items that must be pulled over the head, like t-shirts, to avoid re-contaminating the face. Place contaminated clothes and accessories, including jewelry and contact lenses, into a sealed plastic bag, as the OC residue can cause secondary exposure.
While the effects are intensely painful, focusing on slow, deliberate movements and controlled breathing helps manage the initial panic response.
Step-by-Step Decontamination Techniques
Effective skin decontamination focuses on dissolving the oil-based capsaicinoids using a substance with a high pH or a lipid base. The recommended method is using a degreasing agent like liquid dish soap or baby shampoo, which contains surfactants that emulsify the OC oil. Mix the soap with cold water, as warm or hot water opens the pores, potentially increasing the irritant’s penetration.
Gently lather the affected skin areas multiple times for at least 15 to 20 minutes, rinsing with cold water between washes. The mechanical action of washing helps lift the capsaicinoids from the skin’s surface. Do not scrub the skin vigorously, as this causes further irritation and inflammation.
An alternative technique involves using an oil (such as vegetable, olive, or mineral oil) to dissolve the OC, which is highly soluble in fats. This oil acts as a solvent to draw out the capsaicinoids. This application must be immediately followed by a thorough wash with the high-pH soap to remove the newly contaminated oil layer.
Some people find temporary relief from a cold soak or compress using milk, often attributed to the casein protein binding to the capsaicinoids. The cold temperature and soothing nature of milk can provide momentary comfort. After washing and rinsing, gently pat the skin dry with a clean towel instead of rubbing, which could re-irritate the inflamed skin.
Addressing Eye and Respiratory Irritation
The intense burning in the eyes requires immediate, continuous flushing with cool water or a sterile saline solution. The eyes must be irrigated for a minimum of 15 minutes to dilute and remove the capsaicinoids. If you wear contact lenses, remove them immediately before beginning the flushing process.
When irrigating, tilt the head to the side and direct the water flow gently from the inner corner (near the nose) toward the outer corner (near the ear). This technique prevents contaminated water from flowing into the unaffected eye or back across the face. Frequent blinking, or “strobe” blinking, can also help mechanically move the irritant out.
Respiratory symptoms, including coughing and a tight chest, result from inhaling the irritant particles. While throat constriction and difficulty breathing are typically temporary, they can induce panic. Focus on taking slow, deliberate breaths and remain calm to prevent hyperventilation. Sipping cool water or a cold, non-carbonated drink can help soothe the burning sensation.
When Professional Medical Help Is Needed
While the effects of mace exposure usually resolve within 30 to 60 minutes after successful decontamination, certain symptoms require professional medical intervention. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe or persistent breathing difficulties, especially if you have a pre-existing respiratory condition like asthma or COPD. These individuals are at a higher risk for serious respiratory complications.
Medical evaluation is needed if you develop signs of an allergic reaction, such as a rash or swelling that spreads beyond the exposed area. Consult a healthcare provider if pain, burning, or blurred vision persists for more than one hour despite thorough flushing. Severe skin reactions, including blistering or signs of chemical burns, also necessitate prompt medical care.