Sunburn is an inflammatory reaction caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage to the skin’s outermost layers. This damage triggers the body’s repair mechanism, often resulting in itching, medically known as pruritus. The itchiness occurs because damaged tissue releases inflammatory chemicals, such as histamine, which irritate nerve endings. Relief is achievable through targeted topical applications, specific medications, and supportive care measures.
Immediate Topical Cooling Strategies
Physical cooling is the fastest way to interrupt the burning sensation and calm irritated nerve endings. Applying a cool compress, such as a towel dampened with cold water, provides immediate relief by constricting superficial blood vessels near the burn. Repeat this process for about ten minutes several times a day to manage the initial intense heat and discomfort.
Taking a cool or lukewarm bath is effective for widespread sunburn. Adding colloidal oatmeal introduces anti-inflammatory properties that soothe the skin and reduce the urge to scratch. After bathing, gently pat the skin almost dry and immediately apply a pure, fragrance-free moisturizer or aloe vera gel to trap moisture. Aloe vera contains anti-inflammatory and cooling compounds. Ensure any gel is free of alcohol, which can further dry the compromised skin barrier.
Over The Counter Medication Options
Medications that target underlying inflammation and chemical release provide sustained relief from itching. Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine or cetirizine, block the effects of histamine, the chemical that directly contributes to the itching sensation. Taking an antihistamine is particularly helpful for itching that interferes with sleep.
For localized areas of intense inflammation, apply a topical hydrocortisone cream containing 1% cortisone. This mild corticosteroid reduces the overall inflammatory response, lessening redness, swelling, and pruritus. Oral Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen also help by reducing the production of inflammatory chemicals throughout the body. This systemic action alleviates general pain and indirectly calms the inflammation causing the itch.
Supportive Care and Behavior to Avoid
Maintaining hydration is a direct form of systemic support, as sunburn draws fluid to the skin’s surface, increasing the risk of dehydration. Drinking plenty of water helps replenish lost fluids and supports the healing process. Resist the urge to scratch sunburned or peeling skin, as this creates small breaks in the skin barrier, increasing the risk of infection and prolonging healing time.
Avoid applying products that irritate sensitive skin, such as those containing alcohol, fragrances, or topical anesthetics ending in ‘-caine’ (like benzocaine). These ingredients can cause allergic reactions or further irritation. Also, avoid using thick, occlusive ointments, like petroleum jelly, on fresh sunburns because they trap heat and worsen the initial burn. When going outside, wear loose-fitting, protective clothing and seek shade to shield damaged skin from further UV exposure.
Recognizing When to Seek Professional Help
Most mild to moderate sunburns are managed with at-home care, but certain symptoms require medical evaluation. Seek professional help if the sunburn is accompanied by a high fever, severe headache, or chills, which can signal a systemic reaction or heat illness. Extensive blistering over a large portion of the body or signs of infection, such as pus, increased pain, or red streaks, also warrant a doctor’s visit.
Other concerning symptoms include signs of dehydration, such as dizziness, confusion, or significant reduction in urination. If the pain or itching is severe and not relieved by over-the-counter medications, preventing normal daily function or sleep, a healthcare provider can offer prescription-strength treatments.