Armadillos, with their unique armored shells, are fascinating mammals. While commonly associated with the southern United States, they are found across various environments. Understanding their preferred habitats, activity patterns, and the subtle signs they leave behind can help in locating and observing these creatures.
Armadillo Habitats and Range
The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is the only species regularly found in the United States. Their primary range extends across the southeastern US, including states like Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The species has consistently expanded its range northward over the last century, with sightings as far north as Missouri, Illinois, and Nebraska. This expansion is partly due to a lack of natural predators and their adaptability.
Armadillos prefer warm, moist climates with loose, porous soil for digging, thriving in forested areas, woodlands, grasslands, and even suburban environments. While not well-adapted to cold weather, they can survive in colder regions by seeking refuge in burrows. Sandy or loam soils are particularly favorable for burrow construction.
Recognizing Signs of Armadillo Presence
Armadillos are prolific diggers, leaving distinct marks. They search for insects and invertebrates by digging small, conical or shallow holes in the soil. These foraging holes are typically 3 to 5 inches wide and 1 to 3 inches deep.
Beyond foraging marks, armadillos construct burrows for shelter. These burrow entrances are generally round, measuring about 6 to 10 inches in diameter. They can extend deep underground, often 4 to 15 feet long. Burrows are commonly found near brush piles, stumps, rock piles, dense vegetation, or even under concrete patios and foundations.
Armadillos also leave identifiable tracks. Their front feet typically show four long toe prints, each with a sharp claw, often splayed. The hind feet usually have five toes, with the central three being elongated. A distinctive “V” shape may be visible between the middle toes in their prints. Given their scaly tails, a faint drag line might also be present in soft soil between their footprints.
Optimal Times for Observation
Armadillos are primarily crepuscular and nocturnal, most active during dawn, dusk, and throughout the night. This nighttime activity helps them avoid the heat of the day.
While generally nocturnal, their activity patterns can shift based on environmental conditions. In cooler months or during cold weather, the nine-banded armadillo may become more active during the day to take advantage of warmer temperatures. They do not hibernate, but they become less active and spend more time in their burrows during significant cold. Rainfall can also influence their activity, as it softens the ground and makes it easier for them to dig for food.
Effective Observation Techniques
Moving quietly and slowly through potential habitats is important, as armadillos have a keen sense of smell and good hearing. Their vision is impaired, especially in bright light. This means they rely heavily on their sense of smell to locate food.
For nocturnal viewing, using a flashlight or headlamp can be helpful. A red filter on the light source can minimize disturbance to the animal and help preserve your night vision. Observing from a distance is advisable to avoid startling the armadillo, which can jump vertically as a defense mechanism. Avoiding sudden movements or loud noises further increases the chances of a prolonged observation. Armadillos are not built for speed, so quiet, deliberate movement can allow for closer, sustained viewing once spotted.
Ethical Interaction and Safety
When encountering armadillos, maintaining a respectful distance is important for both human and animal safety. Direct contact should be avoided, as armadillos can carry certain bacteria and pathogens. The nine-banded armadillo can carry the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Transmission to humans is rare but possible through close contact. Armadillos can also potentially carry other diseases like salmonella and leptospirosis.
It is advisable to observe armadillos from a distance and never attempt to handle or feed wild animals. Feeding them can alter their natural behaviors and make them dependent on human-provided food sources. If an armadillo is in an undesirable location, such as under a home or causing significant property damage, contact a professional wildlife control operator. These professionals are equipped to handle and, if necessary, relocate the animal safely and ethically, adhering to local regulations.