Bee balm, belonging to the genus Monarda, is a fragrant herb valued for its leaves and flowers. Drying this plant material correctly preserves its aromatic oils and beneficial properties for long-term use. Proper drying ensures that the final product retains its color, scent, and flavor for many months. The quality of the dried herb depends directly on the timing and technique used during the initial harvest, followed by careful preparation and a controlled drying environment.
Optimal Harvesting Timing and Technique
The potency of bee balm is maximized by harvesting when its essential oils are at their peak concentration. This ideal window occurs just as the first few flower heads begin to open, typically in mid to late summer when the leaves are still vibrant and green. Cutting the stems at this stage ensures the best retention of the minty-citrus flavor profile.
The best time for harvesting is mid-morning, after the dew has completely evaporated but before the intense heat of the afternoon sun begins to volatilize the oils. Using clean, sharp shears, stems should be cut about four to six inches from the top, just above a leaf node, which encourages new growth. It is important to harvest selectively, taking only healthy, undamaged stems and leaving enough foliage to maintain its overall health and ensure a subsequent harvest.
Pre-Drying Preparation Steps
Once the bee balm has been harvested, it requires preparation to ensure an even-drying process. The material should first be examined and gently shaken to dislodge any small insects or debris. If the material is visibly dirty, a quick rinse with cool water can be performed, followed immediately by patting it dry with a clean cloth or allowing it to air dry for a short period.
For air drying, the stems should be grouped into small, loose bundles, typically containing four to six stems, and secured with a piece of twine or a rubber band. Keeping the bundles small allows for maximum air circulation around each leaf and prevents the dense inner material from trapping moisture, which can lead to mold growth. If using a dehydrator or drying screens, the leaves and flowers should be stripped from the stems and spread out in a single layer. This separation increases the surface area exposed to air, which promotes faster and more uniform moisture loss.
Step-by-Step Drying Methods
Drying lowers the herb’s moisture content until the material is brittle, signaling that degradation has halted. Air drying is a popular method for preserving bee balm. For air drying, hang the prepared bundles upside down in a dark, dry, well-ventilated location, with an ideal temperature around 70°F. Direct sunlight must be avoided because light can quickly degrade the color and potency of the herb.
Air drying can take between one to two weeks, depending on the ambient humidity and thickness of the bundles; the herb is ready when the leaves feel crisp and crumble easily when touched. Alternatively, a food dehydrator offers a faster, more controlled method. The leaves and flowers should be arranged in a single layer on the dehydrator trays, and the temperature set low, typically between 95°F and 115°F.
At these low settings, drying usually takes between one to four hours, though thicker material may require longer. The herb should be checked hourly to prevent overdrying, which can make the leaves overly brittle and diminish the flavor. Oven drying is a last-resort option that requires the oven to be set to its lowest temperature, often below 180°F, with the oven door propped slightly ajar to allow moisture to escape.
Storage and Shelf Life
Once the bee balm is dry and brittle, it must be stored properly to maintain its quality. The goal is to minimize the herb’s exposure to light, heat, and air. Before storage, the dried leaves and flowers should be separated from any stems.
The herb can be stored whole or lightly crushed, though keeping the material whole until just before use helps to preserve the oils. The dried material should be transferred to an airtight container; glass jars are the preferred choice. Containers should be labeled with the herb’s name and the date of harvest to track freshness.
Properly dried and sealed bee balm should be kept in a cool, dark place, away from the heat generated by kitchen appliances. Under these conditions, the dried herb can maintain its peak flavor and aroma for six months to one year. If the herb loses its vibrant color or noticeable scent, its potency has diminished.