A pterygium is a non-cancerous, fleshy growth on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white part of the eye, which can extend onto the cornea. This raised, often triangular-shaped tissue usually originates from the inner corner of the eye, near the nose, and can gradually grow towards the pupil. A pterygium cannot be “dissolved” or made to disappear with non-surgical methods. Management involves symptom relief and, in some cases, definitive removal. Consulting an eye care professional for diagnosis and treatment is recommended.
Understanding Pterygium
Pterygium development is primarily linked to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, often seen in individuals who spend significant time outdoors in sunny climates. Environmental irritants such as chronic wind, dust, and sand can also contribute to its formation and growth. This condition is sometimes called “surfer’s eye” due to its prevalence among those exposed to these elements.
A pterygium may initially cause no symptoms, appearing only as a visible growth on the eye. As it enlarges, common symptoms include redness, a gritty sensation, irritation, excessive tearing, itching, or a burning feeling. If the pterygium grows significantly and extends over the cornea, it can induce astigmatism, a curvature change that leads to blurred vision. In rare instances, a very large growth might obstruct the pupil, directly impairing vision.
Non-Surgical Approaches
Non-surgical methods do not eliminate the pterygium itself but focus on managing its associated symptoms and potentially slowing its progression. Lubricating eye drops, often referred to as artificial tears, are a primary treatment to relieve dryness, irritation, and the feeling of a foreign body in the eye. These drops help moisten the ocular surface, which can be particularly beneficial for discomfort caused by an irregular tear film over the growth. Regular use of these lubricants can provide comfort and reduce inflammation.
For periods of increased inflammation, redness, or discomfort, an eye care professional might prescribe steroid eye drops. These medications reduce inflammation and swelling, offering short-term relief from intense symptoms. However, steroid eye drops must be used under careful medical supervision due to potential side effects, such as increased eye pressure or cataract formation with prolonged use. They are typically used for a limited duration, often one to two weeks, to manage significant inflammatory episodes.
Anti-allergy eye drops containing antihistamines or mast cell stabilizers can also be considered if allergic reactions contribute to eye irritation. These drops block histamine, a chemical released during allergic responses, thereby alleviating itching and redness. It is important to remember that non-surgical treatments are palliative measures.
Surgical Removal
Surgical intervention is the primary method for definitively removing a pterygium. This procedure is typically recommended when the growth affects vision by extending onto the cornea, causes persistent severe discomfort not relieved by eye drops, or for cosmetic considerations. Rapid growth can also indicate surgical removal before it significantly impacts central vision. An ophthalmologist makes the decision to proceed with surgery after a thorough eye examination.
The most common surgical technique involves excision of the pterygium combined with an autograft. During this outpatient procedure, the growth is carefully removed from the eye’s surface. A small, healthy piece of conjunctival tissue, typically taken from another part of the patient’s own eye, is then transplanted to cover the removed area. This autograft helps reduce the risk of recurrence, a common complication after simple excision.
The graft can be secured with fine sutures or, increasingly, with a tissue adhesive (biological glue) derived from clotting proteins, which can offer a quicker and more comfortable recovery. This technique aims to restore the ocular surface to its normal state and improve visual quality. Patients will need to use eye drops for several weeks post-operation to aid healing and minimize recurrence risk.
Preventing Pterygium Growth
Preventing pterygium formation and reducing recurrence risk after surgery centers on protecting the eyes from environmental factors. Protecting the eyes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a significant step, as UV light is a primary cause of pterygium development. Wearing sunglasses that block 99-100% of both UV-A and UV-B rays is recommended when outdoors. Wraparound styles offer enhanced protection by shielding the eyes from light entering the sides.
In addition to sunglasses, wearing a wide-brimmed hat provides further shade and reduces UV exposure to the eyes. This combined approach offers a comprehensive defense against harmful sunlight. These preventive measures are important for anyone spending time outdoors, regardless of climate or activity.
Avoiding exposure to environmental irritants like dust, wind, and smoke also plays a role in prevention. These irritants can cause chronic eye irritation, which contributes to pterygium development and growth. Using lubricating eye drops regularly can help maintain eye moisture and reduce irritation caused by dry or windy conditions. For individuals who have undergone surgical removal, these protective measures are important to minimize the pterygium growing back. Regular eye check-ups are also beneficial, particularly for those with risk factors, to monitor eye health and detect any changes early.