Welder’s flash, medically known as photokeratitis or arc eye, is a temporary but intensely painful injury to the eye’s surface caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This condition is comparable to a sunburn, affecting the delicate tissues of the eye rather than the skin. This exposure typically occurs in occupational settings, such as welding without appropriate protective gear, but it can also happen from natural sources like sun reflection off snow.
Defining Welder’s Flash and Recognizing Symptoms
Welder’s flash occurs when intense UV light, such as that emitted by a welding arc, damages the corneal epithelium, the clear, outermost layer of the eye. This UV radiation causes cellular damage, resulting in the temporary loss of these epithelial cells. The exposed and irritated nerve endings beneath this layer are the source of the significant pain experienced.
Symptoms typically do not appear immediately, often manifesting several hours after the exposure. The most characteristic symptom is a foreign body sensation, often described as having sand or grit in the eyes. This is accompanied by intense, throbbing eye pain and excessive tearing (lacrimation). Severe sensitivity to light, or photophobia, is also a sign, often making it difficult to keep the eyes open in normal lighting conditions.
Immediate Steps for Relief and First Aid
The first priority upon recognizing the symptoms is to cease all activities and move into a dark or dimly lit environment. Reducing light exposure immediately helps to alleviate the severe photophobia and encourages the eyes to rest. If contact lenses are worn, they must be removed immediately, as they can trap irritants and hinder the natural healing process.
A cold compress applied to the closed eyelids can help reduce swelling and provide immediate relief from the burning sensation. This can be a clean washcloth soaked in cold water or an ice pack wrapped in a thin towel, applied for 10 to 15 minutes at a time. Over-the-counter oral pain relievers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, are recommended to manage the discomfort.
Resist the urge to rub the eyes, despite the persistent gritty feeling. Rubbing can further damage the already compromised corneal surface, slowing the healing process and increasing the risk of infection. Using preservative-free artificial tears can help keep the eye surface lubricated and soothe the irritation. These steps manage symptoms while the body begins its natural repair process, but they do not replace professional medical advice.
Medical Intervention and the Healing Process
A medical evaluation is necessary if the pain is severe, if symptoms persist beyond 24 to 48 hours, or if any changes in vision occur. A healthcare professional, typically an eye doctor, will examine the cornea to assess the extent of the epithelial damage. The primary goals of medical treatment are to manage pain, prevent secondary infection, and promote rapid healing.
Common medical interventions include prescription antibiotic ophthalmic drops or ointments, used for a few days to prevent bacterial infection while the damaged corneal cells regenerate. In some cases, cycloplegic drops may be administered to temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle, which helps relieve pain caused by reflex spasms. These drops can cause temporary blurry vision and pupil dilation, so a person should not drive after their application.
The corneal epithelium has a remarkable capacity for quick healing, and most cases of welder’s flash resolve completely within 24 to 48 hours. During this period, the damaged cells are shed and replaced through epithelial regeneration. To prevent recurrence, consistently use proper eye protection, such as a welding helmet equipped with a lens filter of the correct shade rating for the task. Appropriate protective eyewear, even for bystanders, is the most effective way to eliminate the risk of this injury.