The ability to communicate is a fundamental aspect of human connection, but for many adults, spoken language is not an option. Non-verbal adults may have lost the ability to speak due to conditions like aphasia or apraxia of speech following a stroke or traumatic brain injury. The term also includes individuals with developmental disabilities, such as autism, or those with progressive neurological conditions like advanced dementia. This article provides practical strategies to help family members and caregivers bridge this communication gap and foster understanding.
Establishing Foundational Communication Environment
Creating a calm and predictable environment is the first step toward successful non-verbal communication. Excessive noise, bright lights, or a cluttered space can increase anxiety and make processing information much harder for the adult. The communicating partner should actively work to minimize these sensory distractions before attempting an interaction.
Physical positioning also influences the effectiveness of the exchange. Always approach the adult from the front and ensure you are at eye level, whether sitting down or kneeling slightly. Speak using a clear, calm, and slightly slower pace, employing short, uncomplicated sentences. This posture demonstrates respect and helps the adult focus their attention directly on you.
Provide adequate time for the person to process your question and formulate a response through their chosen method. Allow for pauses that may feel lengthy, as rushing a non-verbal individual can lead to frustration and communication breakdown. This patient approach establishes trust and reduces the pressure associated with communication attempts.
Interpreting and Responding to Non-Verbal Cues
For non-verbal adults, communication often relies heavily on unspoken signals, which become their primary means of expression. Facial expressions, such as a furrowed brow or a genuine smile, can convey immediate emotions like confusion, anger, or happiness. Observing body language, like tense shoulders, clenched fists, or a defensive posture, offers insight into their emotional state, potentially signaling discomfort or frustration.
Changes in vocalizations, even if not words, should be monitored closely, as sounds like humming, sighing, or crying can communicate needs or feelings. Gestures and physical movements, such as pointing or head shaking, provide direct clues to their wants. A particularly effective technique is to use closed-ended questions that require only a simple physical movement, like a head nod or eye blink, to indicate “yes” or “no”.
When a non-verbal cue is recognized, validate the attempt at communication, even if the meaning is not immediately clear. Simply acknowledging their effort and trying to interpret the message by pointing to possible choices or verbalizing an observation can encourage future attempts. Observing clusters of behaviors, rather than isolating a single gesture, helps to accurately interpret the message, as a single action can have multiple meanings depending on the context.
Utilizing Augmentative and Alternative Communication Tools
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) encompasses all methods that supplement or replace spoken language, tailored to the individual’s physical and cognitive abilities.
Low-Tech AAC Options
Low-tech AAC options are simple, non-electronic tools that are affordable and do not require charging or complex setup. These include customized communication boards, which use pictures, symbols, or words that the individual can point to in order to express needs, feelings, or choices. Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) allow the adult to communicate by physically handing a picture or symbol card to their communication partner to make a request. Alphabet boards or writing tablets are also low-tech solutions that allow literate individuals to spell out messages or write notes. These simple tools are useful as a backup when high-tech devices might be impractical.
High-Tech AAC Solutions
High-tech AAC solutions are electronic and provide a more extensive vocabulary and synthesized speech output. These often involve dedicated Speech-Generating Devices (SGDs) or tablets running specialized communication applications. Apps like Proloquo2Go or TouchChat allow users to select symbols or type text, which the device then converts into audible speech. When introducing any AAC system, start gradually with a limited vocabulary, and model how to use the device during daily interactions. The selection of a high-tech tool must consider the adult’s motor skills, as some devices offer alternative access methods like eye-gaze tracking.
Strategies for Ongoing Interaction and Problem Solving
Sustaining effective communication requires consistency and a commitment to maintaining the adult’s dignity. Involve the non-verbal adult in conversations by addressing them directly and including them in decision-making, even if they cannot contribute verbally. Conversations should remain age-appropriate; avoid using “baby talk” or a condescending tone, as this diminishes their self-respect.
Avoid the temptation to “test” the individual by asking questions when you already know the answer, which can lead to frustration and a feeling of being scrutinized. Instead, focus on authentic, functional communication that addresses real needs and preferences.
When communication inevitably breaks down, a brief break can prevent escalating frustration for both parties.
If a method fails, reassess the approach, perhaps switching from a high-tech device to a simple yes/no response or a visual aid. Consistency among all caregivers is beneficial, ensuring everyone uses the same vocabulary, system, and approach. This unified approach reinforces the communication system and supports the adult’s ability to express themselves effectively.