White willow trees (Salix alba) are deciduous trees often found along waterways, wetlands, and streams. These trees play a role in their environment by stabilizing soil and providing habitat for various wildlife, including serving as an early food source for pollinators like bees. White willows can grow to be large, reaching heights of 50 to 80 feet, and are recognized by their light green leaves with silvery undersides.
Identifying White Willow Seeds
White willow seeds are minute, enclosed in fluffy, cottony tufts. These seeds develop inside small capsules that form after female catkins are pollinated. White willows are dioecious, meaning male and female flowers grow on separate trees. Catkins, the tree’s cylindrical flower clusters, appear in early spring (March to April), either before or as leaves emerge. After pollination, female catkins lengthen, releasing downy seeds into the wind by late spring or early summer.
Gathering White Willow Seeds
Collect white willow seeds in late spring or early summer when female catkins mature and release their white fluff. This period spans from late May to mid-June. Look for fluffy, cotton-like material emerging from catkins, indicating seed readiness. Gently shake branches over a clean sheet or tarp to dislodge seeds and their fluff, or gather material naturally fallen to the ground. Separate tiny seeds from the cotton by sifting or gently agitating.
Growing White Willow Seeds
White willow seeds have short viability, often losing germination ability within days at room temperature after dispersal. Therefore, plant them immediately after collection, ideally within one to three days. Use a consistently moist, well-draining planting medium, such as loam, sand, and compost. White willows thrive in full sun (at least six to eight hours daily) for optimal growth, though they tolerate partial shade.
Gently surface-sow seeds on prepared, moistened soil, as they require light for germination. Do not bury them deeply; tiny seeds should be visible on the surface. After sowing, maintain consistent moisture; seeds and emerging seedlings are sensitive to drying out. Cover trays with clear plastic domes to maintain high humidity during germination. White willow seeds germinate rapidly, often within one to three days, or even hours in ideal conditions.
Nurturing White Willow Seedlings
Once white willow seeds germinate into young seedlings, consistent moisture remains important for continued growth. Water seedlings regularly, ensuring soil stays damp but not waterlogged, as they are accustomed to moist environments. Provide ample light, placing them in a sunny location with full sun exposure. Protect young seedlings from extreme weather (strong winds, intense heat, or frost). When seedlings reach six to twelve inches and have developed several true leaves and a healthy root system, they are ready for transplanting. When moving to larger pots or their permanent outdoor location, handle roots gently to minimize shock. White willows prefer moist, rich soil and require adequate spacing (20 to 30 feet apart) to accommodate their mature size and extensive root systems.