Hops (Humulus lupulus) are perennial bines that grow rapidly, often reaching 30 feet in a single season. This vigorous growth requires a substantial and consistent supply of nutrients from the soil. Proper fertilization is essential for cultivating healthy hops and achieving robust yields.
Hops Nutritional Needs
Hops require a balance of macronutrients and micronutrients for healthy development. Nitrogen (N) is important for vigorous vegetative growth, developing strong bines and lush foliage. Phosphorus (P) plays a role in energy transfer, supporting early root growth and plant maturity. While hops have a relatively low phosphorus requirement, sufficient levels are still important. Potassium (K) is essential for overall plant health, aiding carbohydrate storage, water regulation, and disease resistance.
Secondary macronutrients like calcium, magnesium, and sulfur also benefit hops. Calcium stabilizes cell walls, magnesium is a central component of chlorophyll affecting photosynthesis, and sulfur contributes to protein synthesis. Micronutrients like boron, zinc, and iron are necessary in smaller quantities for various metabolic processes. Zinc, for example, supports proper growth and cone production.
Selecting Hops Fertilizer
Selecting hops fertilizer involves considering the NPK ratio and type. For early-season growth, a higher nitrogen fertilizer supports rapid shoot development. As the plant transitions to flowering and cone production, a more balanced fertilizer or one with higher potassium content is suitable.
Both organic and synthetic fertilizers have distinct advantages. Organic options, such as compost, animal manure, or alfalfa meal, release nutrients slowly as they decompose, improving soil structure and providing sustained feeding. Synthetic fertilizers, like urea or balanced granular blends (e.g., 16-16-16), provide nutrients in readily available forms, offering a quicker response. They require careful application to avoid over-fertilization, nutrient imbalances, or root burn.
Hops Fertilization Timing
Fertilization timing aligns with the hops’ growth stages. In early spring, as new shoots emerge, an initial application of nitrogen-rich fertilizer supports vigorous vegetative development and establishes strong bines.
Mid-season, from late May through mid-July, additional nitrogen applications benefit the plant. This continuous supply supports significant biomass production. As hops transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and cones begin to form in late June or early July, nitrogen applications should taper off. Excessive nitrogen applied after bloom can impact cone quality and essential oil content.
A late-season application of potassium after harvest enhances winter survival and promotes strong emergence the following spring. This allows the plant to store carbohydrates and nutrients in its roots and crown. First-year hops require less nitrogen than established plants, with recommendations of 75 pounds of nitrogen per acre, as their focus is on root establishment rather than extensive cone production.
Applying Hops Fertilizer
Fertilizer application methods depend on the product type. Granular fertilizers can be broadcast evenly around the hop plant’s base or side-dressed in a band along the row. Incorporating granular fertilizers lightly into the topsoil after application moves nutrients into the root zone and reduces runoff.
Liquid feeds, including soluble fertilizers or compost teas, can be applied as a soil drench around the plant’s root crown or as a foliar spray directly onto the leaves. Foliar applications provide a quick nutrient boost, especially for micronutrients. When applying any fertilizer, follow the product’s dosage instructions to prevent over-application. Watering plants thoroughly before and after application helps distribute nutrients and minimizes root burn.
Identifying Nutrient Issues
Observing the hop plant’s foliage provides early indications of nutrient imbalances. Nitrogen deficiency manifests as pale green to yellow discoloration, particularly on older leaves, and leads to stunted growth. Phosphorus deficiency causes older leaves to appear dark green, sometimes with a bronze tint or purpling, resulting in slow growth and delayed maturity. Potassium deficiency symptoms appear on older leaves first, presenting as yellowing or browning along the leaf margins (“marginal scorch”), and leaves may curl downwards.
Over-fertilization, especially with nitrogen, can lead to root burn, increased susceptibility to diseases like powdery mildew, and reduced cone quality. Yellowing leaves and swelling bines can indicate excessive nitrogen contributing to Verticillium wilt. Regular observation of plant health and growth patterns helps identify problems. Soil testing provides a detailed analysis of nutrient levels and pH, guiding fertilization adjustments before visual symptoms appear.