Head lice are small, wingless parasitic insects that live on the human scalp and feed on blood. These common ectoparasites are not a sign of poor hygiene and spread through direct head-to-head contact, often leading to rapid transmission within households and schools. Self-checking for an infestation can be challenging because adult lice are tiny (two to three millimeters) and move quickly to avoid light. A thorough self-examination is necessary for detection and intervention.
Essential Tools for Self-Examination
A successful self-check requires specific tools. The most important item is a high-quality metal fine-toothed nit or lice comb, designed to trap both insects and their eggs. Adequate illumination is necessary; position yourself under a strong lamp or use a bright flashlight. To view the back of your head, you will need two mirrors: a fixed wall mirror and a large handheld mirror. Applying hair conditioner or detangling spray before combing is highly recommended, as it temporarily stuns the lice and provides lubrication for the comb.
Step-by-Step Self-Checking Technique
Begin by sitting comfortably in a brightly lit area. Use the handheld mirror to view the reflection of your scalp in the fixed mirror behind you. Ensure the hair is thoroughly dampened, ideally with conditioner, to immobilize any live lice.
For a methodical check, use hair clips to divide your scalp into four main quadrants, or smaller sections, depending on hair thickness. Taking one small section at a time, place the metal comb flat against the scalp and pull it slowly and firmly down the entire length of the hair shaft, from root to tip.
After each pass, wipe the comb onto a clean, white paper towel or tissue and inspect the residue for any sign of movement or tiny specks. Repeat this motion multiple times on the same section for complete coverage. Pay extra attention to the areas behind the ears and the nape of the neck, as lice favor these warm spots for laying eggs.
Identifying Lice and Nits
When inspecting the paper towel, you will be looking for two main forms of the parasite. Adult lice are roughly the size of a sesame seed and appear tan, grayish-white, or reddish-brown, especially after feeding. They possess six legs and often scurry away from the light.
The eggs, called nits, are much smaller, oval, or teardrop-shaped specks, typically yellow or white, and less than one millimeter long. The female louse cements the nits firmly to the side of the hair shaft with a powerful, water-resistant adhesive. Because of this strong adhesion, a nit will not flake off or move easily if you try to slide it with your fingers. This differentiates nits from common hair debris like dandruff, which is loose and easily brushed away. Viable nits are generally found cemented within a quarter-inch of the scalp, as they require the scalp’s heat to hatch. Finding live lice or nits close to the scalp confirms an active infestation, and you should seek appropriate treatment.