Concussions are brain injuries resulting from a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body. They frequently affect the visual system, leading to various eye-related symptoms.
Common Visual Signs of Concussion
Concussions can cause several visual disturbances. Blurry vision or difficulty focusing is common. Double vision (diplopia) can also occur, as a concussion may disrupt communication between the brain and eye muscles.
Sensitivity to light (photophobia) is another frequent symptom. Eye movements may be affected, leading to difficulty tracking objects smoothly or causing jerky movements. Individuals might feel their eyes are strained or unusually tired, particularly after visual tasks. Less commonly, changes in visual field like tunnel vision or blind spots may be perceived.
Basic Eye Checks for Concussion
Basic eye observations can help identify potential visual impairments, though they are not a substitute for medical diagnosis. Pupil response involves checking if pupils are equal in size and react appropriately to light. Gently shine a light from the side into one eye and observe if the pupil quickly constricts, then repeat for the other. Both pupils should constrict; an unequal size or sluggish response may indicate a more serious issue.
Eye tracking, or smooth pursuit, can be assessed by having the person follow a moving object with their eyes, without moving their head. Hold a finger or pen about 12-18 inches from their face and move it slowly in an ‘H’ or ‘X’ pattern. Observe if their eyes follow smoothly or if there are jerky movements, stops, or struggles to maintain focus. This helps determine if the brain’s ability to coordinate eye movements has been affected.
Eye convergence checks the ability of both eyes to turn inward to focus on a near object. Hold a finger or small object 18-24 inches in front of the person’s nose. Slowly move it closer, asking them to keep it in focus, and observe if both eyes turn inward equally. Note if one eye drifts outward, or if they report double vision or difficulty maintaining focus. Observe eye alignment; if eyes appear to be looking in the same direction or if one consistently drifts out of alignment.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Care
Certain symptoms following a head injury signal a medical emergency. A headache that becomes severe or progressively worsens is a warning sign. Repeated vomiting or nausea also warrants urgent medical evaluation. Any loss of consciousness, even if brief, or seizures necessitate immediate emergency care.
Changes in speech, such as slurred words, or new weakness or numbness in the limbs are indicators. Decreased coordination, increasing confusion, restlessness, or agitation are also red flags. If one pupil appears larger than the other or if the person becomes drowsy and cannot be easily awakened, prompt medical attention is essential. These symptoms may suggest a more severe brain injury.
Why Professional Medical Evaluation is Essential
Basic eye checks are observational tools for initial assessment and cannot definitively diagnose a concussion or rule out more serious brain injuries. Only a healthcare professional can accurately diagnose a concussion through a comprehensive evaluation. This assessment typically involves a neurological examination and may include specialized visual assessments.
Medical evaluation is important for ruling out other, more severe conditions such as bleeding within the brain, skull fractures, or swelling. A proper diagnosis provides guidance for recovery and helps prevent potential complications. Healthcare providers can develop an individualized treatment plan and monitor progress to ensure a safe and effective recovery.