Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage. This condition can affect the skin, joints, blood, and organs like the kidneys, lungs, and heart. A “flare” refers to a period of increased disease activity where symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear. Managing flares is important for daily life and overall well-being.
Recognizing a Lupus Flare
Identifying a lupus flare involves recognizing a change or intensification of symptoms. Common indicators of a flare include extreme fatigue, joint pain and swelling, and muscle pain. Rashes are also frequent, with a distinctive butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, alongside other skin rashes and mouth sores.
Other symptoms that can signal a flare include low-grade fever, hair loss, headaches, and sensitivity to sunlight or fluorescent light. Symptoms may also include chest pain, especially when taking a deep breath, or general swelling in the hands, feet, or around the eyes. Triggers include exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) rays, various infections, and periods of significant physical or emotional stress. Certain medications, hormonal changes, and overexertion can also contribute to triggering a flare.
First Steps to Manage a Flare
When a lupus flare begins, immediate non-medical actions can help manage symptoms. Prioritizing rest is important, as fatigue is a common symptom during a flare. Adequate rest helps conserve energy and supports the immune system.
Maintaining proper hydration is also important during a flare. Avoid known personal triggers. Applying warm or cool compresses can provide localized relief for painful joints or muscles.
Medical Approaches for Flare Control
Healthcare providers prescribe various medications to control lupus flares and prevent organ damage. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used for mild symptoms, reducing pain, inflammation, and fever in joints and muscles. Common over-the-counter NSAIDs include ibuprofen and naproxen.
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are powerful anti-inflammatory medications that suppress the immune system. They can be administered orally, topically, or through injections, with higher doses for severe flares involving vital organs. Antimalarial drugs, like hydroxychloroquine, are prescribed for long-term management to reduce inflammation, prevent flares, and help with skin problems. They are considered a cornerstone of lupus treatment.
Immunosuppressants, such as azathioprine and mycophenolate, are used in more serious cases to reduce immune system activity and prevent tissue damage, especially when major organs are affected. These medications interfere with the division of immune cells. Biologics, a newer class of medication like belimumab, specifically target components of the immune system to reduce lupus symptoms. Treatment plans are individualized, depending on symptom severity and affected organs, requiring close medical guidance.
Supportive Care and Lifestyle Adjustments
Beyond medical treatments, ongoing supportive care and lifestyle adjustments play a significant role in managing lupus flares. Pain management techniques can include applying heat or cold therapy to affected areas, which helps alleviate discomfort in joints and muscles. Over-the-counter pain relievers, if approved by a doctor, can also provide symptomatic relief.
Stress reduction techniques are particularly beneficial, as stress can trigger or worsen flares. Practices such as mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, and engaging in relaxing activities like reading or listening to music can help manage stress levels. Gentle exercise, such as stretching, light walking, yoga, or tai chi, can help maintain mobility and reduce stiffness without overexertion, provided it is tolerated and approved by a healthcare provider.
Nutritional considerations also contribute to overall well-being during a flare. Focusing on an anti-inflammatory diet, rich in whole grains, healthy fats, proteins, fruits, and vegetables, can support the body’s healing process. Avoiding processed foods and ensuring adequate sleep, typically seven to nine hours per night, helps manage fatigue and supports the body’s ability to cope with the flare.
Knowing When to Get Medical Help
Understanding when a lupus flare requires professional medical attention is important for preventing complications. Individuals should contact their doctor if symptoms worsen despite home management, or if new, concerning symptoms appear. Any changes in condition, such as increased frequency or severity of flares, warrant a consultation with a healthcare provider.
Certain “red flag” symptoms indicate a severe flare or potential organ involvement, necessitating immediate medical help. These include severe chest pain or shortness of breath, high fever, and severe neurological symptoms like seizures, confusion, or sudden vision changes. Other critical signs that require urgent evaluation are severe abdominal pain, new or worsening leg swelling, or behavioral changes such as hallucinations or delusions. In such instances, seeking emergency medical care is advisable.