Microplastics are tiny plastic particles, typically less than five millimeters in size, that pose a growing environmental challenge. In the context of clothing, these particles are known as microfibers, which are shed from textiles during normal wear and washing. The global apparel industry contributes significantly to this pollution, with synthetic clothing alone responsible for an estimated 35% of the total microplastic release worldwide. Addressing this widespread problem requires consumers to adopt practical, actionable steps in their purchasing and garment care routines.
Identifying the Source of Fiber Shedding
The primary source of microplastic shedding is synthetic clothing. Materials such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, and spandex are widely used in modern garments, making up over 60% of all clothing globally. These synthetic materials are the main contributors to plastic microfiber pollution.
Shedding occurs because the friction and agitation of wearing and washing these garments cause the synthetic fibers to break away. A single load of laundry containing synthetic fabrics can release up to 700,000 microfibers into the wastewater system. Many wastewater treatment facilities cannot filter out these particles, allowing them to pass directly into rivers and oceans.
Research suggests that most fiber shedding occurs relatively early in a garment’s life. Even garments made from recycled polyester, often promoted as eco-friendly, can shed microplastics at a rate comparable to, or higher than, clothes made from virgin polyester.
Adjusting Laundry Routines to Minimize Release
Washing synthetic garments in cold water cycles is highly effective because hot water can weaken synthetic fibers, causing them to break down and shed more easily. Research indicates that switching to a cold, short cycle can reduce the volume of plastic microfiber pollution by over 50%.
Washing full loads also helps minimize shedding by reducing the friction between individual garments during the wash cycle. Less room for clothes to move and rub against each other lessens the mechanical action that breaks down fibers. This also reduces the water-to-fabric ratio, which decreases particle release.
The type of detergent used can also play a role in fiber preservation. Liquid detergents are gentler on fabric fibers than powder detergents, which may have abrasive particles that contribute to fiber breakage. Specialized filtration tools are available to capture fibers before they enter the drain. External filters retrofitted to the drain line can capture up to 87% of microfibers, while in-drum solutions like wash bags and balls can also trap a significant portion of the particles.
Prioritizing Natural and Sustainable Fibers
Prioritizing natural fibers like cotton, linen, hemp, and wool offers an alternative to plastic-based textiles. While these natural materials do shed microfibers, they are made of biodegradable matter that will decompose in the environment, unlike persistent plastic microfibers.
Semi-synthetic options like Tencel Lyocell are better alternatives to pure synthetics, as they are derived from wood pulp and are often produced in a closed-loop system. Although some natural fibers, such as cotton, can shed a high quantity of fibers, they are considered micro-litter, not microplastics, and will break down.
Choosing garments made from tightly woven fabrics over loose knits or fleece materials can reduce the overall rate of shedding. Fleece, in particular, is known to be a high-shedding material.
Extending Garment Lifespan and Responsible Disposal
Simply reducing the frequency of washing is the simplest way to limit shedding, as the laundering process is a primary driver of fiber release. Instead of washing, garments can often be refreshed by air-drying them between wears or by spot-cleaning minor stains.
Repairing clothing is a practical action that directly extends the functional life of a garment. Mending small tears or re-stitching seams prevents the fabric from breaking down further, which reduces the likelihood of fibers coming off. This longevity reduces the need to purchase new, high-shedding items.
When a synthetic garment is worn out, it should not be thrown in the trash. Discarded synthetic textiles that end up in landfills will eventually break down into microplastics. Consumers should seek out textile recycling programs or take-back schemes offered by brands to ensure the material is repurposed or recycled, preventing its contribution to environmental plastic leakage.