Dental sealants are thin, protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth, specifically the molars and premolars. These teeth have naturally deep pits and fissures, which are narrow grooves where food particles and decay-causing bacteria can easily become trapped. The sealant material fills these microscopic depressions, creating a smooth barrier that shields the enamel. This procedure is performed by dental professionals and is a highly effective measure for preventing tooth decay.
Preparing the Tooth for Application
Meticulous preparation of the tooth surface is necessary to ensure a strong, long-lasting bond. First, the tooth must be thoroughly cleaned to remove plaque or debris from the pits and fissures, often using a brush or pumice paste. Next, the tooth is isolated from the rest of the mouth, typically using cotton rolls, to maintain a completely dry field. Preventing moisture contamination from saliva is important, as it is the primary reason for sealant failure.
Next, etching is performed by applying a mild acid solution, usually 37% phosphoric acid, directly onto the chewing surface. The acid remains on the tooth for 15 to 20 seconds to dissolve a minute layer of enamel. This process creates microscopic pores and roughness, which is essential for the liquid sealant to interlock with the tooth structure. The acid is then thoroughly rinsed off, and the tooth is dried until the etched enamel appears visibly chalky white, confirming the surface is ready.
Applying and Curing the Sealant Material
With the tooth fully prepared, the liquid resin sealant material is carefully painted directly into the conditioned pits and fissures using a small brush or specialized syringe. Only enough material should be used to fill the grooves without creating an overly thick layer that could interfere with the patient’s bite. The material is allowed 10 to 20 seconds to flow deeply into the microscopic pores created by the etching process.
The material is then hardened through photopolymerization, where a specialized blue curing light is shone directly onto the sealant. This light activates chemicals within the resin, causing it to rapidly solidify and form a durable, protective shield. Curing time generally follows the manufacturer’s instructions, often lasting between 20 and 30 seconds. Finally, the professional checks the occlusion, or how the upper and lower teeth meet, using a thin, colored articulating paper. Any high spots marked by the paper are adjusted and polished to ensure a comfortable bite.
Maintaining and Checking the Sealant Integrity
Dental sealants are durable and generally remain intact for an extended period, often lasting between five and ten years with proper care. They require no special maintenance beyond consistent oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing. Patients should avoid chewing on hard objects like ice or hard candies, as these can cause chipping or fracture of the sealant.
The long-term effectiveness of the sealant depends on its integrity, making regular dental checkups necessary. During routine appointments, the dental professional examines the sealants for signs of wear, such as chipping, cracking, or partial loss. If a sealant is compromised, it can usually be repaired or replaced easily by cleaning the area and reapplying new material. This often occurs without needing to repeat the full initial etching procedure. Promptly addressing any damage ensures the tooth remains protected from decay.