Wild turkeys engage in a distinct annual reproductive cycle. Understanding their egg-laying behaviors provides insight into the life history of these adaptable birds. Their reproductive efforts are closely tied to the changing seasons, culminating in the nesting and hatching of their young.
Egg Laying Frequency and Clutch Size
Hens typically lay one egg every 24 to 32 hours. This steady pace allows them to accumulate a full clutch over approximately two weeks. A complete clutch generally consists of 9 to 13 eggs, though numbers can range from 4 to 17.
Hens do not begin continuous incubation until the entire clutch has been laid. This strategy ensures that all poults, or turkey chicks, hatch at roughly the same time. If a hen’s initial nest is destroyed early in the laying process, she may attempt to re-nest. Wild turkey hens can re-nest without re-breeding, as sperm from a single mating can remain viable for up to 30 days.
Nesting and Incubation
After laying her clutch, a hen selects a nesting site, typically a shallow depression on the ground. These nests are often situated in secluded, camouflaged locations that offer good cover, such as dense brush piles, thick shrubbery, or at the base of trees. The hen chooses a spot that provides concealment for her body and eggs while allowing some visibility of potential threats.
Once all eggs are laid, the hen begins the incubation period, which lasts approximately 26 to 28 days, though it can range from 25 to 31 days. During this time, she sits continuously on the eggs, leaving the nest only for brief periods, often to feed on protein-rich insects. The hen turns the eggs periodically to ensure even development. At hatching, poults use a temporary “egg tooth” on their beak to pip and unzip the shell, emerging capable of walking and leaving the nest within 12 to 24 hours.
Factors Affecting Egg Laying and Nest Success
Several factors can influence a hen’s egg-laying and nest success. Predation is a significant cause of nest failure, with common predators including raccoons, skunks, opossums, snakes, crows, coyotes, and foxes. The availability of suitable habitat with dense ground cover is important, as it provides concealment and reduces the risk of predation.
The hen’s health and physical condition also play a role. Environmental conditions, such as severe weather, can affect nesting success. While heavy rainfall was once thought to negatively impact egg survival, recent research suggests precipitation levels may not be as significant. However, other weather variables, like unusually warm January temperatures, might reduce nesting success.